Black “Marble”: The Characteristic Material in the Baroque Architecture of Cracow (Poland)

Characterization of fresh PM deposits on calcareous stone surfaces: Seasonality, source apportionment and soiling potential

“…As bleaching does not seem to correlate with ambient particle concentrations in different seasons, non-absorbing aerosol deposition is not expected to contribute in these short-term exposures. In fact, stone bleaching is usually attributed to optical effects due to weathering effects, as a consequence of changes in the surface roughness (Marszałek and Skowroński, 2010).…”

Black "marble" in the Polish architecture - characteristics and possibility of its provenance determination: the case of the Dębnik limestone

“…The effects of graying or whitening of the stone surface in the case of the Dębnik limestones are widely observed both in outcrops and architectonic artifacts (Kozłowski & Magiera 1989, Wilczyńska-Michalik 2004, Marszałek et al 2006, Marszałek 2007, Marszałek & Skowroński 2010. Superficial graying (or whitening) of the limestone exposed to a polluted, urban atmosphere is combined with deposition of anthropogenic particulates on the stone surfaces.…”

“…The black color of the Dębnik limestone has been thought to result from an admixture of bitumens (Gradziński 1972, Kozłowski & Magiera 1989, Lewandowska 1998, Marszałek & Skowroński 2010 or, according to Bednarczyk & Hoffman (1989), of pyrite. The stone releases a smell of petroleum if hit with a hammer.…”

“…The total amount of pyrite in the Dębnik limestone is about 2 wt. % (Marszałek & Muszyński 2001, Marszałek & Skowroński 2010.…”