Black fungal colonies as units of survival: hyphal mycosporines synthesized by rock-dwelling microcolonial fungi

Gorbushina, Anna A.; Whitehead, Kenia; Dornieden, Thomas; Nieße, Astrid; Schulte, Anette; Hedges, John I.

doi:10.1139/b03-011

Cited by 104 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…UV radiation, Xand y-rays) and cellular lysis. Moreover, mycosporines and carotenoids (ß-carotene, s-carotene, phytoene, torulene and torularhodin) may protect fungi against excessive UV radiation, act as antioxidants, osmoprotectors and provide desiccation tolerance [25,35,52].…”

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fungi and Lichens in the Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments

Salvadori¹,

Municchia²

2016

Open Conf. Proceed. J.

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This review elucidates current knowledge on the significant role of fungi and lichens in the biodeterioration of stone monuments. The effect caused by many epilithic lichen species in the deterioration of different types of stone has been extensively investigated and demonstrated. Nonetheless, many aspects of the deterioration mechanisms of microcolonial fungi (MFC) and endolithic lichens are still to be proved. An interesting hypothesis has recently been put forward involving the secretion of siderophores like compounds. Lichens can provide bioprotection for stone surfaces, acting as a barrier against weathering, retaining moisture, increasing waterproofing, reducing thermal stress and erosion, and absorbing pollutants. Nevertheless, the evaluation of biodeterioration vs. bioprotection cannot be generalised, since it can vary according to the behaviour of different species, as well as being affected by both the lithotype and the environment. In addition to the laboratory studies, more field studies of biological communities are required, to analyse their establishment and succession in natural conditions and after conservation treatments. In order to guarantee the best decision for stone conservation, cleaning operations should not be based on a generalised approach, but should rather be based on a careful evaluation of different aspects concerning biodeterioration and bioprotection.

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Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fungi and Lichens in the Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments

Salvadori¹,

Municchia²

2016

Open Conf. Proceed. J.

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“…Previous work by Pirttila et al [19] suggests that the adenosine secretion of endophytes microorganisms may play an important role in the morphological development of the host plant and therefore, it could be playing a role in the secondary metabolism of the endophytes microorganism. In the case of mycosporins, extremophilic microcolonial fungi have been described to constitutively synthesize considerable amounts of mycosporins, also known to be involved in morphogenesis and sporulation [20][21][22]. Many reports regarding different yeast species indicate the ability of these fungi to synthesize mycosporin-like amino acids, which have been also proposed to reflect phylogenetic relationships among species, suggesting their utility in yeast systematics.…”

Section: Dothiora Sp Biomarkers Related To Growth Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These pieces were surfacedisinfected sequentially through washing with 95% ethanol (30 s), 25% household bleach (1 min) and 95% ethanol (30 s). 10 pieces of each vegetal sample were aseptically transferred to a Petri dish with In the case of mycosporins, extremophilic microcolonial fungi have been described to constitutively synthesize considerable amounts of mycosporins, also known to be involved in morphogenesis and sporulation [20][21][22]. Many reports regarding different yeast species indicate the ability of these fungi to synthesize mycosporin-like amino acids, which have been also proposed to reflect phylogenetic relationships among species, suggesting their utility in yeast systematics.…”

Section: Isolation Cultures and Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicomponent Analysis of the Differential Induction of Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Fungal Endophytes

et al. 2016

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Small molecule histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors are commonly used to perturb the production of fungal metabolites leading to the induction of the expression of silent biosynthetic pathways. Several reports have described the variable effects observed in natural product profiles in fungi treated with HDAC and DNMT inhibitors, such as enhanced chemical diversity and/or the induction of new molecules previously unknown to be produced by the strain. Fungal endophytes are known to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites (SMs) involved in their adaptation and survival within higher plants. The plant-microbe interaction may influence the expression of some biosynthetic pathways, otherwise cryptic in these fungi when grown in vitro. The aim of this study was to setup a systematic approach to evaluate and identify the possible effects of HDAC and DNMT inhibitors on the metabolic profiles of wild type fungal endophytes, including the chemical identification and characterization of the most significant SMs induced by these epigenetic modifiers.

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“…Indeed, MAAs are widely considered to be multifunctional compounds offering protection against oxidative, osmotic, and thermal stress as well as UV radiation (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). However, this may not be true for all MAAs (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Heterologous Production of Cyanobacterial Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids Mycosporine-Ornithine and Mycosporine-Lysine in Escherichia coli

Katoch

Mazmouz

Chau

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are an important class of secondary metabolites known for their protection against UV radiation and other stress factors. Cyanobacteria produce a variety of MAAs, including shinorine, the active ingredient in many sunscreen creams. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome of the soil-dwelling cyanobacterium Cylindrospermum stagnale PCC 7417 revealed a new gene cluster with homology to MAA synthase from Nostoc punctiforme. This newly identified gene cluster is unusual because it has five biosynthesis genes (mylA to mylE), compared to the four found in other MAA gene clusters. Heterologous expression of mylA to mylE in Escherichia coli resulted in the production of mycosporine-lysine and the novel compound mycosporine-ornithine. To our knowledge, this is the first time these compounds have been heterologously produced in E. coli and structurally characterized via direct spectral guidance. This study offers insight into the diversity, biosynthesis, and structure of cyanobacterial MAAs and highlights their amenability to heterologous production methods. M ycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are commonly found in marine microbes exposed to high levels of UV radiation, including aquatic fungi, eukaryotic algae, and cyanobacteria (1-6). These small (Ͻ400 Da), colorless, water-soluble compounds are composed of a 4-deoxygadusol core conjugated with an amino acid or alcohol (7). Their absorption maxima typically range from 310 to 360 nm and their molar extinction coefficients (ε) range from 28,100 to 50,000 M Ϫ1 cm Ϫ1 (8, 9). Commonly termed "microbial sunscreens," MAAs can dissipate UV energy as heat without generating free oxygen radicals (7).While UV exposure is necessary to elicit the synthesis of MAAs (10), some studies suggest that other factors, including osmotic stress, may also be involved in MAA regulation (11). Indeed, MAAs are widely considered to be multifunctional compounds offering protection against oxidative, osmotic, and thermal stress as well as UV radiation (12-17). However, this may not be true for all MAAs (11). Due to their diverse biological properties, MAAs are promising candidates for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications (3, 18). For example, shinorine, produced by the cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis, has already been commercialized as an active ingredient in sunscreen creams (Helioguard 365 and Helionori) (14).The biosynthesis of shinorine ( Fig. 1) was recently elucidated via heterologous expression in Escherichia coli (19,20) and is a model pathway for MAA biosynthesis. In A. variabilis ATCC 29413, the shinorine biosynthesis gene cluster consists of four genes: ava_3855 to ava_3858. The first step in the biosynthesis of shinorine is the conversion of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (SH-7P) to 2-demethyl-4-deoxygadusol (DDG) by a DDG synthase (Ava_3858). Following this, DDG is converted to the mycosporine core compound 4-deoxygadusol (4-DG) by an O-methyltransferase (O-MT) (Ava_3857). Glycylation of 4-DG is catalyzed by a C-N ligase (Ava_3856), resulting ...

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Black fungal colonies as units of survival: hyphal mycosporines synthesized by rock-dwelling microcolonial fungi

Cited by 104 publications

References 34 publications

The Role of Fungi and Lichens in the Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments

The Role of Fungi and Lichens in the Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments

Multicomponent Analysis of the Differential Induction of Secondary Metabolite Profiles in Fungal Endophytes

Heterologous Production of Cyanobacterial Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids Mycosporine-Ornithine and Mycosporine-Lysine in Escherichia coli

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