Black carbon cookstove emissions: A field assessment of 19 stove/fuel combinations

Garland, Charity; Delapeña, Samantha; Prasad, Rajendra; L’Orange, Christian; Alexander, Donee; Johnson, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.040

Cited by 74 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…2 Exposure data only available from the endline survey, question not asked in baseline. 3 Attitudes towards modern cookstoves stoves included 12 items: less fuel, saves money, saves time, reduces smoke, cleaner kitchen, accessible, warranty for years, reduces health issues, loans are available, solution for a modern kitchen, male can purchase, overall quicker/safer/cleaner/cheaper.…”

Section: Quantitative Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Persistent exposure to health damaging pollutants, emitted from household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels, is estimated to be responsible for 1.6 million premature deaths, and just under 60 million disability-adjusted life-years in 2017 [2]. The use of solid fuels and kerosene on rudimentary, inefficient cookstoves also increases pressures on natural resources, contributing to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and climate change through CO 2 and black carbon emissions, as well as other hazardous pollutants [3,4]. Time spent cooking and procuring large amounts of biomass fuel can prevent the cooks, mostly women, from taking advantage of income generating and educational opportunities [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Shamba Chef Educational Entertainment Program to Promote Modern Cookstoves in Kenya: Outcomes and Dose–Response Analysis

Evans

Young

Johnson

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Background: Globally, an estimated 3.6 billion people rely on solid fuels for cooking over open fires or in simple cookstoves. Universal access to clean cooking fuels and technology by 2030 is a United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal. Methods: The Mediae Company created a home makeover television and radio show, Shamba Chef, designed to promote modern, cleaner, safer cooking methods and improved nutrition in Kenya, which reached 5 million homes in late 2017. This was accompanied by a mobile phone platform called iChef. Researchers evaluated the effects of Shamba Chef on cookstove purchase, use, and attitudes, beliefs, and intentions. Results: The study revealed dose–response effects of Shamba Chef exposure on several key outcomes. Exposure to the program was associated with an awareness of improved biomass stoves (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.8 to 6.9), and aspirations to own an improved biomass stove (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.9). Receiving information about modern stoves from two or more sources generated greater awareness of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1). The qualitative study revealed that Shamba Chef explained how the stoves worked, communicated their benefits, and encouraged participants to trust and purchase those cookstoves. Conclusion: Shamba Chef was successful in influencing determinants of cookstove purchase and use, and there is evidence from the qualitative study that it influenced the purchase and use of improved biomass stoves.

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Section: Quantitative Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Shamba Chef Educational Entertainment Program to Promote Modern Cookstoves in Kenya: Outcomes and Dose–Response Analysis

Evans

Young

Johnson

et al. 2019

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…EC, OC, and total carbon (EC + OC) emissions factors are shown in Figure 2 for the stove/fuel combinations with the available data, as well as respective EC/TC ratios, which provide an indication of the relative warming impact per unit mass emitted. Garland et al [31] presents black carbon emissions estimates for the other stoves which were measured as part of the CEPS study, which was done using a post hoc optical analysis of the Teflon filters. EC is generally a good proxy for black carbon, the light-absorbing component of particulate emissions, and a common assumption for source characterization studies [32].…”

Section: Climate Forcing Pollutant Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The error bars for the firepower sweep test (FST) represent the range of mean modified combustion efficiencies (MCEs) across the test sequences for each respective stove type. Data sources: this study and Roden et al [9], Jetter et al [10], Bilsback et al [13], Johnson et al [20], Smith et al [22], Shen et al [29], Garland et al [31], Eilenberg et al [34], Grieshop et al [35], Weyant et al [36], Bhattacharya et al [39], Bhattacharya et al [40], Jetter et al [41], Johnson et al [42], Tian et al [43], Zhang et al [44], Kituyi et al [45], Preble et al [46], Johnson et al [47], MacCarty et al [48], Johnson et al [49], Stockwell et al [50], Fleming et al [51]. Figure 4 shows stove firepower versus fuel consumption.…”

Section: Combustion Efficiency and Comparison With Laboratory Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Home Emissions Performance of Cookstoves in Asia and Africa

et al. 2019

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This paper presents results from eight field studies in Asia and Africa on the emissions performance of 16 stove/fuel combinations measured during normal cooking events in homes. Characterizing real-world emissions performance is important for understanding the climate and health implications of technologies being promoted as alternatives to displace baseline cooking stoves and fuels. Almost all of the stove interventions were measured to have substantial reductions in PM2.5 and CO emissions compared to their respective baseline technologies (reductions of 24–87% and 25–80%, for PM2.5 and CO emission rates, respectively), though comparison with performance guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suggests that further improvement for biomass stoves would help realize more health benefits. The emissions of LPG stoves were generally below the WHO interim PM2.5 emissions target (1.75 mg/min) though it was not clear how close they were to the most aspirational ISO (0.2 mg/min) or WHO (0.23 mg/min) targets as our limit of detection was 1.1 mg/min. Elemental and organic carbon emission factors and elemental-to-total carbon ratios (medians ranging from 0.11 to 0.42) were in line with previously reported field-based estimates for similar stove/fuel combinations. Two of the better performing forced draft stoves used with pellets—the Oorja (median ET/TC = 0.12) and Eco-Chula (median ET/TC = 0.42)—were at opposite ends of the range, indicating that important differences in combustion conditions can arise even between similar stove/fuel combinations. Field-based tests of stove performance also provide important feedback for laboratory test protocols. Comparison of these results to previously published water boiling test data from the laboratory reinforce the trend that stove performance is generally better during controlled laboratory conditions, with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) being consistently lower in the field for respective stove/fuel categories. New testing approaches, which operate stoves through a broader range of conditions, indicate potential for better MCE agreement than previous versions of water boiling tests. This improved agreement suggests that stove performance estimates from a new ISO laboratory testing protocol, including testing stoves across low, medium, and high firepower, may provide more representative estimates of real-world performance than previously used tests. More representative results from standardized laboratory testing should help push stove designs toward better real-world performance as well as provide a better indication of how the tested technologies will perform for the user.

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“…Among different types of cookstoves, advanced charcoal stoves show the lowest BC emission factors, followed by simple charcoal, advanced biomass, rocket and simple wood stoves, respectively (Garland et al, 2017). India contains a large concentration of solid-fuel-dependent households: approximately 160 million households use solid fuels for cooking .…”

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confidence: 99%

Global radiative effects of solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions

et al. 2018

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Abstract. We apply the NCAR CAM5-Chem global aerosolclimate model to quantify the net global radiative effects of black and organic carbon aerosols from global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions for the year 2010. Our assessment accounts for the direct radiative effects, changes to cloud albedo and lifetime (aerosol indirect effect, AIE), impacts on clouds via the vertical temperature profile (semidirect effect, SDE) and changes in the surface albedo of snow and ice (surface albedo effect). In addition, we provide the first estimate of household solid fuel black carbon emission effects on ice clouds. Anthropogenic emissions are from the IIASA GAINS ECLIPSE V5a inventory. A global dataset of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) measurements from surface sites and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from AERONET is used to evaluate the model skill. Compared with observations, the model successfully reproduces the spatial patterns of atmospheric BC and OA concentrations, and agrees with measurements to within a factor of 2. Globally, the simulated AOD agrees well with observations, with a normalized mean bias close to zero. However, the model tends to underestimate AOD over India and China by ∼ 19 ± 4 % but overestimate it over Africa by ∼ 25 ± 11 % (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). Without BC serving as ice nuclei (IN), global and Indian solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions have net global cooling radiative effects of −141 ± 4 mW m −2 and −12 ± 4 mW m −2 , respectively (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). The net radiative impacts are dominated by the AIE and SDE mechanisms, which originate from enhanced cloud condensation nuclei concentrations for the formation of liquid and mixedphase clouds, and a suppression of convective transport of water vapor from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere that in turn leads to reduced ice cloud formation. When BC is allowed to behave as a source of IN, the net global radiative impacts of the global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions range from −275 to +154 mW m −2 and −33 to +24 mW m −2 , with globally averaged values of −59 ± 215 and 0.3 ± 29 mW m −2 , respectively. Here, the uncertainty range is based on sensitivity simulations that alter the maximum freezing efficiency of BC across a plausible range: 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1. BC-ice cloud interactions lead to substantial increases in high cloud (< 500 hPa) fractions. Thus, the net sign of the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols from solid fuel cookstoves on global climate (warming or cooling) remains ambiguous until improved constraints on BC interactions with mixed-phase and ice clouds are available.

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Black carbon cookstove emissions: A field assessment of 19 stove/fuel combinations

Cited by 74 publications

References 39 publications

The Shamba Chef Educational Entertainment Program to Promote Modern Cookstoves in Kenya: Outcomes and Dose–Response Analysis

The Shamba Chef Educational Entertainment Program to Promote Modern Cookstoves in Kenya: Outcomes and Dose–Response Analysis

In-Home Emissions Performance of Cookstoves in Asia and Africa

Global radiative effects of solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions

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