Black Carbon and Thermally Altered (Pyrogenic) Organic Matter: Chemical Characteristics and the Role in the Environment

Knicker, Heike

doi:10.1002/9780470494950.ch7

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 133 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, lignin-like molecules were still extracted from RS-biochar at high temperatures. RS-lignin with strong cross-linked aromatic rings was refractory to thermal decomposition under anoxic conditions, consistent with the pure lignin pyrolysis. , Knicker and Sharma et al also reported that the highest lignin-derived biochar yield was achieved at anoxic pyrolysis temperatures of 500–600 °C and ∼ 60% of lignin was volatilized at 750 °C. , This phenomenon is different from the pyrolysis of lignin and soil organic matter under aerobic conditions. Knicker reported that almost all unprotected soil organic matter was aerobically combusted at ∼460 °C, and 20% remained as char at 550 °C was observed during aerobic lignin pyrolysis …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…7 However, the DBC content in riverine DOC is likely overestimated as the specious conversion factor for converting benzenecarboxylic acids quantified after nitric acid oxidation to DBC, which is susceptible to the chromatographic method or standard material used. 11 The large-scale use of biochar soil amendment and frequent forest fires pose unintended ecological consequences through increased transport of DBC into aquatic systems, 12,13 requiring assessment of composition, behavior, and fate of DBC in natural waters.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature-Dependent Molecular Evolution of Biochar-Derived Dissolved Black Carbon and Its Interaction Mechanism with Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics

Song

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Biochar-derived dissolved black carbon (DBC) molecules are dependent on the BC formation temperature and affect the fate of emerging contaminants in waters, such as polyvinyl chloride microplastic (MPPVC). However, the temperature-dependent evolution and MPPVC-interaction of DBC molecules remain unclear. Herein, we propose a novel DBC-MPPVC interaction mechanism by systematically interpreting heterogeneous correlations, sequential responses, and synergistic relationships of thousands of molecules and their linking functional groups. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy was proposed to combine Fourier transform–ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and spectroscopic datasets. Increased temperature caused diverse DBC molecules and fluorophores, accompanied by molecular transformation from saturation/reduction to unsaturation/oxidation with high carbon oxidation states, especially for molecules with acidic functional groups. The temperature response of DBC molecules detected via negative-/positive-ion electrospray ionization sequentially occurred in unsaturated hydrocarbons → lignin-like → condensed aromatic → lipid-/aliphatic-/peptide-like → tannin-like → carbohydrate-like molecules. DBC molecular changes induced by temperature and MPPVC interaction were closely coordinated, with lignin-like molecules contributing the most to the interaction. Functional groups in DBC molecules with m/z < 500 showed a sequential MPPVC-interaction response of phenol/aromatic ether C–O, alkene CC/amide CO → polysaccharides C–O → alcohol/ether/carbohydrate C–O groups. These findings help to elucidate the critical role of DBCs in MP environmental behaviors.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-Dependent Molecular Evolution of Biochar-Derived Dissolved Black Carbon and Its Interaction Mechanism with Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics

Song

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The determined concentrations and fractions of C and N in soils as well as the identified chemical composition of SOM (e.g., 13 C-CPMAS NMR and the FT-ICR-MS) revealed that charcoal affects C and N distribution and composition in charcoal enriched soils. Charcoal is rich in aromatic structures and is assumed to persist in soils for decades (Knicker, 2011;Schmidt et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2016), which could explain elevated concentrations of BC and the predominance of aromatic structures in SOM and dissolvable organic matter derived from charcoal particles (Haumaier and Zech, 1995;Knicker, 2009). Charcoal particles further resist relatively microbial decomposition and are known to form aggregates (Brodowski et al, 2006;Knicker, 2009;Schmidt et al, 2011).…”

Section: Charcoal Induced Effects On Bulk Sommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Charcoal is rich in aromatic structures and is assumed to persist in soils for decades (Knicker, 2011;Schmidt et al, 2011;Wang et al, 2016), which could explain elevated concentrations of BC and the predominance of aromatic structures in SOM and dissolvable organic matter derived from charcoal particles (Haumaier and Zech, 1995;Knicker, 2009). Charcoal particles further resist relatively microbial decomposition and are known to form aggregates (Brodowski et al, 2006;Knicker, 2009;Schmidt et al, 2011). This results in a relative enrichment of charcoal particles ranging between 9-12 mm, particularly in less alkaline soils (Brodowski et al, 2006;Knicker, 2011;Assis et al, 2016) due to soil pH-related stabilization mechanisms that are scarcely understood (von Lü tzow et al, 2006).…”

Section: Charcoal Induced Effects On Bulk Sommentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical charcoal additions alter water extractable, particulate and bulk soil C composition and stabilization

Abdelrahman

Hofmann

Berns

et al. 2018

J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.

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The objective of this work was to investigate the chemical composition and the quantitative changes in soil organic matter (SOM) fractions in response to multiple historical inputs of charcoal that ceased > 60 years ago. The topsoil (0–5 cm) and subsoil (5–20 cm) samples of charcoal enriched soils and the unamended reference soils were assessed for C and N contents in bulk soil, particulate organic matter (POM) fractions and water extractable organic matter (WEOM). The SOM molecular characteristics were investigated in the solid phase by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and in the WEOM by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS). Formerly added charcoal additions reduced the extracted amount of WEOM and altered POM pattern: an increased proportion of C and N stored in coarse, intermediate, and fine POM relative to corresponding total C and N was found in subsoils. In contrast, C and N stored in the residual fraction (< 20 µm) decreased. NMR results revealed a higher aromaticity of SOM in charcoal enriched soils, while the FT‐ICR‐MS results indicated an increased presence of lignin‐ and tannin‐like compounds in the WEOM of these soils. Former charcoal additions enhanced soils capacity to retain and stabilize C and N. Particularly, the presence of charcoal particles elevated C and N stored in large POM fractions > 20 µm, which presumably increases soil porosity and thus the soils' capacity to retain water.

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“…Pyrolysis products were reported for lysine (pyridine) (Sorge 1995), hydroxyproline, proline (1H-pyrrole, 1-methyl-) (Nguyen et al 2003), hydroxyproline (1H-pyrrole, 2,5-dimethyl-) (Chiavari and Galletti 1992), alanine, tyrosine (pyridine) (Chiavari and Galletti 1992;Nguyen et al 2003), threonine (pyridine, 5-ethenyl-2-methyl-) (Sorge et al 1993), and phenylalanine (quinoline) (Patterson et al 1973) (pyrolysis product in parenthesis). However, such a formation of N-heterocyclic compounds as pyrolysis products does not necessarily exclude their genuine occurrence in soils (Leinweber and Schulten 1998), especially if we consider recently described abiotic pathways for the formation of heterocyclic N (Jokic et al 2004a;Huang and Hardie 2009) and the impact of vegetation fires on soils (Knicker 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen speciation in fine and coarse clay fractions of a Cryoboroll - new evidence from pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and nitrogen K-edge XANES

Leinweber

Jandl²,

Eckhardt³

et al. 2010

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Nitrogen speciation in fine and coarse clay fractions of a Cryoboroll Á new evidence from pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and nitrogen K-edge XANES. Can. J. Soil Sci. 90: 309Á318. Soil clay fractions are usually enriched in nitrogen (N), but the chemical identity of this N is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated organic N in fine and coarse clay of a clay-rich Cryoboroll by Curie-point pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cp Py-GC/MS), Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy (Py-FIMS) and synchrotron-based nitrogen K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (N-XANES) spectroscopy. The Cp Py-GC-MS revealed 30 structurally different N-containing compounds, such as substituted pyridines, pyrroles; pyrazines, pyrazoles, imidazoles, quinolines, side-chain N-containing benzenes, and single compounds of substituted benzotriazole, purine and indole. These accounted for about 10% of peak area in the Py-GC chromatograms. The Py-FIMS and N-XANES spectra indicated interlayer-NH 4 ' and revealed pyridinic and nitrilic N compounds, but disagreed in the proportions of pyrroles. All three complementary methods confirmed to different extents previous wet-chemical data on N-fractions in these samples, and provided new evidence for about 30 to 40% non-proteinaceous N as major constituent of the so-called ''unknown organic N'' in soil.

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Black Carbon and Thermally Altered (Pyrogenic) Organic Matter: Chemical Characteristics and the Role in the Environment

Cited by 4 publications

References 133 publications

Temperature-Dependent Molecular Evolution of Biochar-Derived Dissolved Black Carbon and Its Interaction Mechanism with Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics

Temperature-Dependent Molecular Evolution of Biochar-Derived Dissolved Black Carbon and Its Interaction Mechanism with Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics

Historical charcoal additions alter water extractable, particulate and bulk soil C composition and stabilization

Nitrogen speciation in fine and coarse clay fractions of a Cryoboroll - new evidence from pyrolysis-mass spectrometry and nitrogen K-edge XANES

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