Black carbon and mineral dust in snow cover across a typical city of Northeast China

Reflection of Solar Light from Surface Snow Loaded with Light-Absorbing Impurities: A Case Study of Black Carbon, Mineral Dust, and Ash

“…Figure presents six sets of sample records collected from two snow pits, in which S1 and S2 are fresh snow HDRF (as the control group), and the other four are manual-distributed snow HDRF with different BC contents (as the experimental group). BC concentrations in dirty snow samples were higher than set in most models but similar to some measurements in heavily industrialized regions . In the vis (visible) spectrum, the reflectance of B2 and B3 decreases by approximately 0.3 and 0.6, respectively, compared to S1.…”

“…Specifically, the nonlinear deceleration of reflectance perturbations caused leads to a situation where the perturbation caused by a unit concentration of LAIs is diluted when the LAI concentration used in the calculation is higher. Rarely in situ records exceed the content used in this experiment, but in some extreme pollution regions, they may be similar or slightly lower . In most models, the maximum concentration used to calculate reflectance perturbations is only at tens of ppm, significantly lower than the sample concentrations in this study.…”

“…Artificial deposition can ensure consistency in all conditions except for LAI concentration, allowing us to isolate the HDRF disturbance induced by LAIs. Notably, the LAI contents from the manually distributed were generally higher than the maximum assumed concentrations in the model but were similar to the distribution of LAIs in certain heavy industrial areas . In this experiment, BC was produced from the incomplete combustion of coal, MD was sourced from screened silty soil, and coal-fueled ash was obtained from the flue gas of coal combustion.…”

“…Near 865 nm, the reflectance perturbations calculated using SMC are still significant, with values almost double those calculated using MMR. Although MD and ash have weaker light absorption capacity than BC, given their substantial amounts, 39 the local radiative forcing caused by these two LAIs in arid and semi-arid regions or coal-fired industrial regions still cannot be neglected.…”

Morphology and Fractal Dimension of Size‐Resolved Soot Particles Emitted From Combustion Sources

“…Soot particles, also known as black carbon (BC), are an important contributor to global warming with strong radiative forcing effects (Bond et al., 2013; Boucher et al., 2013; Lack & Cappa, 2010). Soot particles can impact air quality and human health and alter surface albedo (He et al., 2018; Kinase et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2022). To better understand the climate effects of soot particles, previous studies have estimated the optical properties of BC (Ocko et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2022; Y. Wang, Pang, et al., 2021), while its radiative forcing varies widely between 0.04 and 0.34 W/m 2 (Bond et al., 2013).…”