Bivalirudin Monitoring in Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Analysis of Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Data 2018–2022

Abstract

Objectives: The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is the most frequently used monitoring assay for bivalirudin in children and young adults on mechanical circulatory support including ventricular assist devices (VADs) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). However, intrinsic variability of the aPTT complicates management and risks bleeding or thrombotic complications. We evaluated the utility and reliability of a bivalirudin-calibrated dilute thrombin time (Bival dTT) assay for bivalirudin monitoring in this population. Design: Retrospective analysis of clinical data (including aPTT, dilute thrombin time [dTT]) and results of residual plasma samples from VAD patients were assessed in two drug-calibrated experimental assays. One assay (Bival dTT) was validated for clinical use in VAD patients, and subsequently used by clinicians in ECMO patients. Pearson correlation and simple linear regression were used to determine R 2 correlation coefficients between the different laboratory parameters using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (Armonk, NY). Setting: ICUs at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Subjects: Children on VAD or ECMO support anticoagulated with bivalirudin. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: One hundred fifteen plasma samples from 11 VAD patients were analyzed. Both drug-calibrated experimental assays (anti-IIa and Bival dTT) showed excellent correlation with each other (R 2 = 0.94) and with the dTT (R 2 = 0.87), but poor correlation with aPTT (R 2 = 0.1). Bival dTT was selected for validation in VAD patients. Subsequently, clinically ordered results (105) from 11 ECMO patients demonstrated excellent correlation between the Bival dTT and the standard dTT (R 2 = 0.86) but very poor correlation with aPTT (R 2 = 0.004). Conclusions: APTT is unreliable and correlates poorly with bivalirudin’s anticoagulant effect in ECMO and VAD patients. A drug-calibrated Bival dTT offers superior reliability and opportunity to standardize results across institutions. Additional studies are needed to determine an appropriate therapeutic range and correlation with clinical outcomes.