“…Linked drug prescription and outcome data are analyzed separately at provincial levelClaims | Quebec: 1983/Nova Scotia: 1989/Other provinces since mid-1990s | 40 million | Varies from monthly to quarterly by province | EU-ADR Alliance [72, 73] | A common database model with distributed data storage. Unique identifier is used to link personal data within a country | EHRs/claims/pediatrician records/pharmacy invoice/GP databases/registries | IPCI: 1996/PHARMO: 1998/HSD: 2003/Tuscany: 2003/Lombardy: 2000/Qresearch: 2002 | 45 million+ | Unknown |
AsPEN [78] | Common data model with distributed data storage; raw data are retained in local inventories | Claims/registries/EHRs | JMDC: 2005–2009/NHRD: 1997–2008/HIRA: 2001–2010/Australian claims database: 2001–2010/Swedish prescribed drug register: 2005–2010/Medicaid Analytic Extract: 2001–2005/Medstat MarketScan: 2001–2007 | AU claims database: 300,000/JP-JMDaC: 300,000/HIRA: 53 million/NHIRD: 1 million/Swedish prescribed drug register: 9 million/USA- Medicaid Analytic Extract: 87 million; USA- Medstat MarketScan: 51 million | Unknown |
VRMM [19, 79] | Centralized data model | GP databases with linkage to hospital data/spontaneous report/census data/death, birth, immunization, NHS registries/PROs | CPRD (UK):1987 | 52 million+ with additional 12 million in Scotland, Wales, and North Ireland | CPRD: 6 weeks |
VAESCO [51, 79] | Common data model with distributed data storage approach, common protocol, and common case report forms for studies | GP and hospital databases/EHRs/registries/interview | IPCI since 1996 Italy, Tuscany, and Lombardy since 2003/CPRD (UK) since 1987 | 50 million+ | CPRD: 6 weeks |
DSRU: M-PEM [21] | NHS sends data on prescriptions written by GPs to DSRU; M-PEM questionnaire is sent to GPs requesting patient demographic and general health data, which are stored in DSRU database | NHS prescription data/M-PEM questionnaires | Since 1984 | About 10,000 prescriptions per study | Per study launch |
ADR adverse drug reaction, CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, DoD US Department of Defense, EHR electronic health record, GP general practitioner, HIS Hospital Information Systems, IPCI Dutch Integrated Primary Care Information, NACRS National Ambulatory Care Reporting System, PBM Pharmacy Benefit Manager, PRISM Post-Licensure Rapid Immunization Safety Monit...…”