Biting Flies (Class Insecta: Order Diptera)

Allan, Sandra A.

doi:10.1002/9780470377000.ch2

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…Hard ticks (Ixodida Ixodidae) are ubiquitous parasites of deer and other cervids that can cause pelage loss, weight loss, anemia and behavioral problems (Durden et al 1991), and transmit pathogens (Campbell & VerCauteren 2011). Due to their potentially high local abundance, deer keds (Diptera Hippoboscidae) are also considered important deer ectoparasites (Demarais et al 1987), and the ked Lipoptena mazamae is as a potential vector of Bartonella bacteria that infect vertebrate erythrocytes (Allan 2001;Reeves et al 2006). Given the impact of both these ectoparasites on deer (ranging from pelage loss to disease), reduction in stressor inputs should be beneficial at the individual and population levels (see Demarais et al 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Parasitism and grooming behavior of a natural white-tailed deer population in Alabama

Heine

DeVries

Penz

2016

Ethology Ecology & Evolution

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We assessed responses in grooming behavior to ectoparasite densities in naturally occurring white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in southwest Alabama, and tested predictions of the stimulus-driven and programmed grooming models with respect to intraspecific body size and vigilance. Stimulus-driven grooming predicts greater tick densities would lead to an increase in grooming, whereas the programmed model predicts a higher rate of grooming would decrease tick densities. Within the programmed model, smaller individuals are predicted to groom more and host fewer ticks, and, due to increased vigilance, breeding males will groom less than females and bachelor males, and thus host more ticks during the rut. We used generalized linear models to determine males had a higher average tick density than females and exhibited complete separation of tick parasitism between nonrutting and rutting periods. Our results support the stimulus-driven grooming model as both fawns and yearlings had significantly higher deer ked and combined deer ked/tick densities than adults. We used Mann-Whitney U tests to conclude fawns oral groomed at a significantly higher rate than adults, even in the absence of allogrooming. Programmed and stimulus-driven grooming were not mutually exclusive, but rather ectoparasite and host dependent. Although individuals observed grooming were analyzed separately from harvested individuals, we infer that heavy deer ked densities may lead to higher grooming rates. We suggest white-tailed deer grooming for ticks should be considered within an evolutionary framework, and grooming for deer keds should be viewed as a proximate response to agitation. This is the first study to show that deer keds may have a greater influence in overall grooming behavior of deer than do ticks. We recommend that future studies should consider other ectoparasites along with ticks to understand their effects on grooming behavior in dimorphic terrestrial mammals.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Parasitism and grooming behavior of a natural white-tailed deer population in Alabama

Heine

DeVries

Penz

2016

Ethology Ecology & Evolution

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“…Biting insects impose a number of costs on ungulate hosts, including blood loss, decreased feeding or resting time caused by disturbance, and disease transmission (Hart, 1990, 1994; Mooring & Hart, 1992; Allan, 2001; Mooring et al ., 2003). For example, tabanids (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect-repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size

Mooring

Blumstein

Reisig

et al. 2007

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Biting insects are costly to hosts, and insect-repelling movements of the tail, ears, head, and feet are widespread in mammals and effective in reducing bites. We investigate whether the 'peripheral stimulation model' can explain the regulation of this widespread behaviour pattern in a comparative study of bovids. The peripheral stimulation hypothesis predicts: (1) a positive association between insect-repelling rates and body size because larger hosts produce more of the sensory cues that attract biting insects; (2) that individuals in larger groups will exhibit a higher rate of insect defense behaviour if group size and insect attraction follows a linear function; and (3) larger species will evolve proportionately longer tails in response to higher rates of insect attack. To test these predictions, we observed insect-repelling behaviour in 26 species of bovids at a zoological park, and controlled for common ancestry with formal phylogenetic analyses (independent contrasts). Consistent with the peripheral stimulation hypothesis, rates of tail-switching and all insect-repelling behaviours combined were positively associated with body mass, whereas earflicking was positively associated with proportional tail length. Larger bovids had proportionately longer tails for more effective fly swatting. There was no significant association between insect-repelling rate and group size, suggesting that a nonlinear relationship exists between group size and insect attacks whereby individuals in larger groups do not experience an increased attack rate.

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“…They are hematophagous arthropods with piercing mouthparts, which shed their wings once established on a host on which they will live permanently or nearpermanently Nakayama 2006, Nakayama 2007). The impacts of deer keds parasitizing wild and domestic animals were poorly known in terms of pathology and disease transmission until recently (Allan 2001), but recent studies have conÞrmed that deer keds are potential vectors of various diseases including Bartonella spp. (Dehio et al 2004, Halos et al 2004, Matsumoto et al 2008, Rickettsia spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Deer keds (genus Lipoptena) are dorsoventrally ßat-tened blood-sucking ectoparasites belonging to the family Hippoboscidae (Allan 2001). These ßies typically parasitize mammals, particularly cervids.…”

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confidence: 99%

New Record ofLipoptena fortisetosa(Diptera: Hippoboscidae) Collected From Siberian Roe Deer on Jeju Island, Korea

et al. 2013

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Lipoptena deer keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) are blood-sucking ectoparasites of mammals, and only one species, Lipoptena cervi (L.), has previously been reported from the Republic of Korea. A study of Siberian roe deer Capreolus pygargus Pallas on Jeju Island, south of the Korean mainland, led to the discovery of a second species of deer ked, Lipoptena fortisetosa Maa, for Korea. In total, 518 deer keds were collected from 19 adult and juvenile deer examined from May to October 2012. The infestation of all of the deer examined and the occurrence on newly born deer suggest a high prevalence and abundance of L. fortisetosa parasitizing Siberian roe deer throughout Jeju Island. This deer represents a new host species for L. fortisetosa.

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Biting Flies (Class Insecta: Order Diptera)

Cited by 14 publications

References 226 publications

Parasitism and grooming behavior of a natural white-tailed deer population in Alabama

Parasitism and grooming behavior of a natural white-tailed deer population in Alabama

Insect-repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size

New Record ofLipoptena fortisetosa(Diptera: Hippoboscidae) Collected From Siberian Roe Deer on Jeju Island, Korea

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