Bisphenol A and nonylphenol bioconcentration in spotted halibut Varaspar variegates

Abstract

KEY WORDS: bioconcentration factors, bisphenol A, nonylphenol, spotted halibut.Bisphenol A (2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (isomers mixture, NP) are synthetic chemicals used in a wide variety of plastics and other products, and many scientists have reported that these chemicals have an endocrinedisrupting effect. 1-4 High concentrations of BPA have been detected in industrial waste effluent. 5 In Japan, endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been detected in river water, seawater, fish and other aquatic organisms. 6,7 However, little information is available about uptake and accumulation of these chemicals from the environment on marine fish. In the present study, spotted halibut ( Varaspar variegates ) were exposed to waterborne BPA and NP in seawater for several days, and time dependence of BPA and NP concentrations in these fish was investigated.Spotted halibut (2 months old) were maintained in a water tank at our laboratory under natural photoperiod at a constant temperature of 14.0 ± 0.2 ∞ C for 2 weeks before the exposure experiment. The fish were starved during this preexperimental period. At the start of the experiment, 140 fish (body weight, 0.06-0.12 g; body length, 8-15 mm) were randomly selected, distributed into four groups of 35 fish, and placed into four glass tanks (30 L). During the 1-week experimental period, the fish were starved and exposed to waterborne BPA (Tokyo Kasai Kogyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) and NP (isomers mixture; Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The groups were exposed to the following concentration mixtures: group 1 (control), 0 m g/L BPA and 0 m g/L NP; group 2, 7 m g/L BPA and 8 m g/L NP; group 3, 70 m g/L BPA and 80 m g/L NP; group 4, 700 m g/L BPA and 800 m g/L NP. BPA and NP were dissolved in ethanol prior to being added to the tank water. The final concentration of ethanol in the water was 10 m L/L. Every 24 h during the experimental period, all of the water in each experimental tank was changed. Seven fish were taken out of each tank for analysis after 0, 1, 2, 4 and 7 days of exposure. To the samples were added the internal standards, BPA-d 16 and NP-d 4 (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), and they were homogenized with methanol. Then, the extracts were concentrated using flowing N 2 gas and cleaned using a silica-gel column by hexane. The chemicals, which were eluted with acetone : hexane (30% : 70%) were again concentrated with N 2 , and were then derivatized using N,O -bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA; SUPELCO, Inc., Bellefonte, PA, USA). Trimethylsilylated BPA (BPA-TMS) and NP (NP-TMS) were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). GC/MS analysis was performed using a Varian CP-3800 GC and SATURN 2000 MS in EI auto mode with a scan range of 40-600 a.m.u. (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Chromatographic separations were performed using a 30 m ¥ 0.25 mm i.d. (film thickness, 0.25 m m) DB-5 capillary column (J & W Scientific, Palo Alto, CA, USA). The injector temperature was maintained at 280 ∞ C, and the injection volume was...

Bisphenol A Incorporated into Eggs from Parent Fish Persists for Several Days

“…Measurement of BPA Concentrations in Water --Concentrations of BPA in water, fish and eggs were analyzed according to previous methods. 26) The pH of rearing water was adjusted to approximately 3 by adding 0.7 ml of 1 M HCl to a 100-ml sample. After 1.5 g of NaCl, 1 µg of BPA-d 16 , which is a surrogate compound, and approximately 5 ml of dichloromethane (DCM) were added, BAP in water was extracted by stirring for 30 min.…”

“…Regarding the temporary decrease around the 3rd and 4th days, similar data has been reported in another study of fish exposed to BPA in water. 15,26) The bioconcentration factor on the 7th day of the exposure was approximately 11. On the 4th day of the experiment, the BPA concentration in medaka reared in an aquarium without BPA (blank test) was measured.…”

Screening of pharmaceuticals and other pollutants of concern by a combination of chemical and biological methods

“…Many scientists have reported this chemical to have an endocrine disrupting effect (Lee et al 2004;Harries et al 1997;Jobling et al, 1996).…”