Bisphenol a: Acute aquatic toxicity

Abstract

The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., ad hoc Bisphenol A Task Group determined that freshwater and saltwater environmental effects testing on bisphenol A should be conducted. This decision was based upon the nation's high production capacity for bisphenol A, which is manufactured at many sites, its potential for entering the environment in substantial quantities and the general lack of relevant ecological effects data. The freshwater test results were as follows: the 96‐h EC50 algal toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum was 2.7 mg/L based on cell count, and 3.1 mg/L based on cell volume; the 48‐h EC50 to the invertebrate Daphnia magna was 10 (9.2–11) mg/L; and the 96‐h LC50s to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, was 4.7 (4.0–5.5) mg/L in a static test and 4.6 (3.6 to 5.4) mg/L in a flow‐through test. The saltwater test results were as follows: the 96‐h EC50 algal toxicity to the diatom Skeletonema costatum was 1.0 mg/L based on cell count and relative fluorescence, and 1.8 mg/L based on chlorophyll a content; the 96‐h LC50 to the mysid Mysidopsis bahia was 1.1 (0.92 to 1.2) mg/L; and the 96‐h LC50 to the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, was 9.4 (8.3 to 11) mg/L. According to current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard evaluation procedures, bisphenol A was moderately to slightly toxic to the fish and invertebrates tested, with LC50 or EC50 values of from 1.1 to 10 mg/L. These data did not trigger freshwater or saltwater chronic tests. The acute toxicity data together with the fact that bisphenol A rapidly biodegrades in surface waters indicate a low potential for chronic exposure or toxicity.

Bisphenol A migration from plastic materials: direct insight of ecotoxicity in Daphnia magna

“…The acute toxicity test result, expressed as EC 50 , was 9940 μg/L (±130 μg/L) after 48 h of exposure. This value was in agreement with those reported by other authors (1,000 to 20,000 μg/L; Alexander et al 1988;Brennan et al 2006;Caspers 1998;Mu et al 2005;Staples et al 1998), confirming that the stipulated laboratory conditions were successfully applied. Based also on the acute test data, the LOEC was determined to be 5,000 μg/L resulting in an NOEC of 3,000 μg/L.…”

Bacteria-mediated bisphenol A degradation

“…BPA could interact with the estrogen receptor and affect the reproductive behavior (Staples et al 1998;Snyder et al 2001;Bonefeld-Jørgensen et al 2007;Matsushima et al 2007). BPA concentrations within the range of 0.1-10 μM showed the estrogenic and mutagenic effects on human beings (Takahashi et al 2001;Saiyood et al 2010), while BPA concentrations within the range of 0.04-0.4 μM showed acute toxicity towards algae, invertebrates, and fish (Alexander et al 1988). Therefore, BPA has been identified as one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by the US Environmental Protection Agency, World Wide Fund For Nature.…”

Absorption and Metabolism of Bisphenol A, a Possible Endocrine Disruptor, in the Aquatic Edible Plant, Water Convolvulus (Ipomoea aquatica)

“…1), a possible endocrine disruptor, [1][2][3] that is widely used as a monomer for the production of plastics, resins and coatings.…”