Bismuth selenides from St. Andreasberg, Germany: an oxidised five-element style of mineralisation and its relation to post-Variscan vein-type deposits of central Europe

Cabral, Alexandre Raphael; Ließmann, Wilfried; Jian, Wei; Lehmann, Bernd

doi:10.1007/s00531-016-1431-z

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…The dendritic textures of native metals and the distinctive paragenesis, including arsenides, sulfosalts, and sulfides at the Annaberg-Buchholz district, are characteristic of native metal-arsenide veins worldwide (see compilation of Scharrer et al, 2019, and references therein). The systematic trend from mono-to di-and eventually triarsenide mineral assemblages is reported from many other examples of native metal-arsenide veins, e.g., other localities in the Erzgebirge/ Germany (Kuschka, 2002, Kuschka et al, 2002Ondruš et al, 2003b;Hiller and Schuppan, 2008), the Odenwald/Germany (Burisch et al, 2017), the Harz/Germany (Cabral et al, 2017), the Schwarzwald/Germany (Staude et al, 2012), and the Anti-Atlas/Morocco (Essarraj et al, 2005;Ahmed et al, 2009;Gervilla et al, 2012). The arsenide sequence also shows a distinct chemical evolution from Ni-rich at the contact to the native elements toward Co-and Fe-rich at the rims of the arsenide aggregates (Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Vertical Zoning in Hydrothermal U-Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-As Systems: A Case Study from the Annaberg-Buchholz District, Erzgebirge (Germany)

et al. 2021

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The Annaberg-Buchholz district is a classic occurrence of hydrothermal five-element (U-Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-As) veins in the Erzgebirge (Germany) with an historic production of ~8,700 metric tons (t) Co ore, 496 t U ore, and 26.9 t Ag. Multiple mineralization stages are recognized in polyphase veins hosted by Proterozoic paragneiss. Fluorite-barite-Pb-Zn mineralization occurs across the entire vertical profile of the district, whereas U and five-element stages are restricted to the upper 400 m below surface, coinciding with a graphite-rich gneiss lithology. Here, we present field and petrographic observations, electron probe microanalysis and fluid inclusion data, as well as thermodynamic calculations to characterize five-element and fluorite-barite-Pb-Zn associations, and to constrain the origin of the vertical zoning in the Annaberg-Buchholz district. Microthermometric analyses of fluid inclusions related to the fluorite-barite-Pb-Zn stage yield homogenization temperatures between 78° and 140°C and salinities between 21.9 and 27.7 equiv wt % (NaCl-CaCl2). A correlation of fluid inclusion Na/(Na + Ca) ratios with salinity suggests fluid mixing as a likely precipitation mechanism and relates ore formation tentatively to regional tectonics of the Mesozoic opening of the Atlantic. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that U is more sensitive to reduction than As, predicting that arsenide minerals are precipitated more distally relative to uraninite upon reduction along the fluid-flow path. This implies that the observed vertical zoning is not a primary feature but is the result of hydrothermal remobilization. The observations made in the Annaberg-Buchholz district have general importance to the understanding of U-rich five-element mineralization and may be relevant for exploration targeting in unconformity-related U deposits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Vertical Zoning in Hydrothermal U-Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-As Systems: A Case Study from the Annaberg-Buchholz District, Erzgebirge (Germany)

et al. 2021

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“…Another source of data was the compilation of all publicly available literature data on the chemical composition of bohdanowiczite and of matildite were collected and taken into account, with the purpose of comparing their respective chemical compositions to that of the bohdanowiczite from the Photo Lake deposit (Canada). This compilation corresponds to 17 sources (for 15 localities) for bohdanowiczite, from the original new mineral paper (Banas et al 1979) to the latest available paper (Cabral et al 2017). For matildite, 8 sources were discovered, ranging from original description (reported in Palache et al 1944) to the latest available paper (Ivashchenko 2021).…”

Section: Analytical Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Published online by Cambridge University Press low number (n=7) of new analyses. In spite of these limitations, the likelihood of the existence of a full solid solution series between matildite and bohdanowiczite is high.5.3 Matildite-bohdanowiczite solid solution and deposit formationA review of the matildite and bohdanowiczite literature reveals that they are present in a variety of deposit types and not only in VMS deposits, such as the Photo Lake deposit: one or the other can be found in such large variety of deposit types as, in no particular order, orogenic gold deposits (Vikentevaet al 2008), high-sulfidation epithermal deposits (Triantafyllidis 2019), polymetallic vein-type deposits (Shimizu et al 1998; Staude et al 2010), porphyry-related deposits (Auge et al 2005; Prsek and Peterec 2008), VMS deposits(Belogub et al 2020; this contribution), polymetallic or U vein deposits(Cabral et al 2017;Förster 2005), etc. Despite this deposit type variability, the one common factor of all these deposits is that they form at moderate to high temperatures.This observation is consistent with the peak temperatures of approximately 350 o C conditions prevailing in the Snow Lake area, host of the Photo Lake deposit.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…Despite this deposit type variability, the one common factor of all these deposits is that they form at moderate to high temperatures.This observation is consistent with the peak temperatures of approximately 350 o C conditions prevailing in the Snow Lake area, host of the Photo Lake deposit. However, bohdanowizcite forms at relatively low temperatures, typically under 120 o C(Cabral et al 2017) and matildite at temperatures below approximately 200 o C (Vikenteva et al 2008).…”

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On the matildite–bohdanowiczite solid-solution series

Alexandre

Aisida

2023

MinMag

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A high-grade ore sample from the Cu-Zn-Au Photo Lake volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit (Flin Flon-Snow Lake greenstone belt, Manitoba, Canada) contains a Bi-Ag sulfo-selenide situated approximately in the middle of the S-Se substitution range (Se~0.86 apfu, S~1.05 apfu). These new data, combined with a literature compilation of all publicly available matildite and bohdanowiczite mineral chemistry data, reveal a nearly complete range of S-Se substitution between these two minerals, with only the section between BiAgSe 0.78 S 1.18 and BiAgSe 0.25 S 1.75 -about a quarter of the full S-Se range -not documented. These findings suggest that a complete solid solution series between matildite and bohdanowiczite may exist, as previously suspected and in a manner similar to the galena -clausthalite complete solid solution series.

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“…In contrast, comparatively little effort was spent on studying the origin of their host mineralization, including implications on the source of the selenium and accompanying elements (e.g., [11]). This conclusion also holds for the two selenium occurrences in the Andes of Bolivia: Virgen de Surumi (also known as "Pacajake") [12,13], district of Hiaco de Charcas, Chayanta Province, and El Dragón, Antonio Quijarro Province, both in the Department of Potosí [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of the El Dragón Selenium Mineralization, Quijarro Province, Potosí, Bolivia

Grundmann¹,

Förster

2017

Minerals

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Abstract:A re-examination of the El Dragón vein-type Se deposit using polarized light microscopy and scanning-electron microscopy combined with electron-microprobe analyses revealed the following results: the detection of (a) petříčekite, krut'aite and penroseite close to endmember composition; (b) a yet unknown mineral of the ideal composition CuNi 2 Se 4 ; (c) intermediate members of the vaesite-pyrite solid-solution series; and (d) a mineral with a composition intermediate between athabascaite and its yet unknown S-equivalent, Cu 4 S 5 . Triggered by volcanic-hydrothermal activities around the Porco caldera, formation of the mineralization involved five episodes of fault formation and re-opening, fluid-mediated metal mobilization, metalliferous fluid infiltration, and mineral precipitation, re-deposition, and alteration that probably extended from 12 Ma until today. The origin of the Se-vein was accomplished by the multiple injection of highly oxidized, metal-rich fluids into a fault at the interface between black shale and siltstone. These low-T solutions (estimated max. temperature 100 • C, max. pressure 1 bar) possessed high to exceptionally Se fugacities (log f Se2 fluctuating between of −14.5 and −11.2) that prevailed for most of the evolution of the deposit, only interrupted once, during the episode of deposition of sulfides of Cu and Fe and resulting partial alteration of the pre-existing selenides. Formation of end-member krut'aite and native selenium implies a minimum log f Se2 of −11.2 at the final stage of vein formation. The likely source of Se and the accompanying metals (Cu, Ag, Ni, Co, Au, Pb, Hg, Cd, Fe and Bi) is the neighboring Kupferschiefer-type (possibly Devonian) black shale rich in framboidal pyrite, Cu-sulfide aggregates, and organic matter. Deposition of Se-minerals occurred where the oxidized metal-bearing solutions became in contact with a reductant, associated with the reduction of mobile selenate to immobile selenide or elemental Se.

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Bismuth selenides from St. Andreasberg, Germany: an oxidised five-element style of mineralisation and its relation to post-Variscan vein-type deposits of central Europe

Cited by 7 publications

References 38 publications

Vertical Zoning in Hydrothermal U-Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-As Systems: A Case Study from the Annaberg-Buchholz District, Erzgebirge (Germany)

Vertical Zoning in Hydrothermal U-Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-As Systems: A Case Study from the Annaberg-Buchholz District, Erzgebirge (Germany)

On the matildite–bohdanowiczite solid-solution series

Origin of the El Dragón Selenium Mineralization, Quijarro Province, Potosí, Bolivia

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