Bismuth-film electrodes: recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis

Economou, Anastasios

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2004.11.006

Cited by 455 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Moreover, due to restrictions in the manipulation and disposal of mercury and its salts in laboratories in some countries, new electrode materials for the preparation of voltammetric sensors have been proposed and tested. Especially bismuth (BiFE) [4] and, subsequently, antimony (SbFE) film electrodes [5,6], both introduced to the analytical practice at the beginning of the present century, have found wide application for the ASV detection of some metal ions (e.g., Pb, Cd, Zn, In, Tl) and organic compounds [7][8][9][10][11]. Unfortunately, the standard potential of copper is more positive than those of Bi or Sb and the anodic Cu oxidation wave is located outside the accessible potential windows of bismuth and antimony film electrodes.…”

Section: Insights In Analytical Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glassy carbon and carbon paste have been commonly used as supports for the preparation of metal film electrodes (BiFE, SBFE, SnFE) plated in situ or ex situ [7][8][9][10][11]. Recently, screenprinted electrodes (SPE) have been attracting increasing interest in stripping voltammetry as an alternative substrate for metal film formation because of their many advantages, such as mass production, low cost, small size, lower susceptibility to oxygen interferences, and the possibility of disposal after a single use [25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Insights In Analytical Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Copper Traces in Carbonate Minerals and Fly Ash Extracts Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified In Situ with Antimony Film

Bobrowski¹,

Krlicka²

2015

Insights Anal Electrochem

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Section: Insights In Analytical Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Insights In Analytical Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Copper Traces in Carbonate Minerals and Fly Ash Extracts Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified In Situ with Antimony Film

Bobrowski¹,

Krlicka²

2015

Insights Anal Electrochem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…23 In the in-house designed thin-layer flow cell, the effect of the Bi 3+ concentration was evaluated in the range of 0.01 to 10.0 mg dm -3 . The results (Fig.…”

Section: Effect Of Bismuth Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Determination of Cadmium and Lead Using a Low-cost Electrochemical Flow-through Cell Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode

et al. 2012

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“…A Bifilm electrode (BiFE) has been proposed as an effective substitute for anodic stripping voltammetry for most of the metals determined using mercury-based electrodes. 6,15,16 Although the Bi film is totally redissolved only when a +300 mV potential is applied, as the scanning reaches the characteristic Bi(III) oxidation potential, part of it is redissolved while creating a "Bi noise" (proportional to the amount of Bi in the film) which occurs at a potential very close to the characteristic one of Cu(II), imposing strong signal interference. Wang et al 17 studied such interference, and showed that it can be avoided.…”

Section: Optimization Of Experimental and Instrumental Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltammetric Determination of Copper and Lead in Gasoline Using Sample Preparation as Microemulsions

et al. 2007

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The presence of trace metallic species in the petroleum light fractions is of concern, since they may affect the quality and degrade the performance of fuels, leading to thermal instability, corrosion of the motor and the formation of precipitates. For instance, Cu is known to catalyze oxidative reactions in gasoline, promoting the deterioration of olefins and the formation of gum. 1,2 In addition, volatile toxic elements, such as Pb, are released to the environment through the combustion of fuels. These metallic chemical species are normally in very low concentrations in gasoline, requiring very sensitive analytical techniques for their determination. Previous preconcentration procedures are usually required in order to improve the detection power. 1The direct analysis of organic liquid fuels, such as gasoline, is difficult because of its volatility, low viscosity and immiscibility with water. In general, a treatment is required to make the sample compatible with the analytical technique employed. The difficulty in using electroanalytical methods for gasoline relies on the immiscibility of the sample with aqueousbased supporting electrolytes. The general approach is to ash the sample, followed by solubilization of the residue with strong inorganic acid; otherwise, a non-aqueous media approach has to be used.The use of microemulsions (three-component solutions) is a successful way to obtain a homogeneous thermodynamically stable system containing two liquids that have no, or a very limited, mutual solubility. [3][4][5] In the three-component solution, two immiscible liquid components are dispersed as micro droplets throughout a third component in order to obtain a homogeneous and optically transparent mixture. The stability of this system is guaranteed when this third component is a common solvent (detergentless three-component solution) or a surfactant (detergent three-component solution).Sample preparation as three-component solutions does not require the destruction of organic matter. Such a stable system behaves similarly to an aqueous solution of the supporting electrolyte and the acidification of the three-component solution may convert analyte metallo-organic species into analyte inorganic ions, allowing accurate determinations using aqueous standard stock solutions for calibration. 4 In this work, a three-component solution was proposed as a way to prepare gasoline samples, enabling the development of a voltammetric method for trace determinations of Pb(II) and Cu(II). Since mercury is an undesirable electrode material due to environmental and health reasons, mercury-free electrodes were used. Bismuth-film electrodes have been shown to be extremely useful alternatives to mercury electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetric measurements of trace metals. Bi is an environmentally friendly element and with very low toxicity. Most recent stripping work at Bi film electrodes has been devoted to the detection of heavy metals, including lead and cadmium. 6 An experimental design has been successfully employed in...

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Bismuth-film electrodes: recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis

Cited by 455 publications

References 14 publications

Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Copper Traces in Carbonate Minerals and Fly Ash Extracts Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified In Situ with Antimony Film

Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Copper Traces in Carbonate Minerals and Fly Ash Extracts Using a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified In Situ with Antimony Film

Highly Sensitive Determination of Cadmium and Lead Using a Low-cost Electrochemical Flow-through Cell Based on a Carbon Paste Electrode

Voltammetric Determination of Copper and Lead in Gasoline Using Sample Preparation as Microemulsions

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