Bismuth and nitrogen co-doped graphene oxide for efficient electrochemical sensing of Pb(II) by synergistic dual-site interaction

Recent advances in the modification of electrodes for trace metal analysis: a review

“…146,148,158,159,167 In general, organic functionalization (i.e., oxygen and amino functionalization) and doping (mainly with nitrogen, boron, sulphur, and phosphorus) are the two main strategies used to improve the catalytic activity and increase active sites (affecting in this manner the electron-transfer process) and the hydrophilic nature of the carbon NMs. 73,85,147,193,194 Co-doping rGO with either nitrogen and sulphur 67,178 or nitrogen and bismuth 195 has also been reported. In order to overcome the insolubility and their tendency to agglomerate, as well as to improve their biocompatibility, CNTs are subjected to covalent functionalization (acid treatment) and non-covalent functionalization by polymers, surfactants, or aromatic compounds.…”

“…Five main types of NMs, i.e. , graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 22–92 NPs, 23–25,27,31,56,57,59,64,67,70,83,86,87,93–138 single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs), 32,83,89,98,99,101,113,129,133,139–162 nanosheets, 34,85,107,111,139,162–166 and nanofibers, 167–169 have been employed in the modification of the electrodes used in the determination of heavy metals. Nanocubes, nanoflakes, nanospheres, and nanodiamonds 75,170–175 are among the other types of NMs used in the modification of the electrodes.…”