Bismuth and its nanocomposite: Reaction mechanism and rational nanocomposite fabrication process for superior sodium‐ion battery anodes

Abstract

Summary Bismuth has garnered attention as a promising anode material for Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) because of its high volumetric capacity and appropriate operating potential. However, the large and repeated volume variations of the Bi anode during sodiation/desodiation lead to a poor electrochemical performance; thus, a rational design for Bi‐based materials is essential for their application to NIB anodes. First, the Na reaction pathway of Bi was analyzed using various cutting‐edge ex situ analysis tools. Subsequently, two different types of Bi‐based nanocomposite materials were prepared to enhance the Na storage performance of Bi: one is an amorphous carbon (a‐C)‐modified Bi nanocomposite (Bi@a‐C) fabricated via mechanical treatment and the other is a metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived polyhedral Bi nanocomposite (p‐Bi@C) fabricated via chemical treatment. The Na storage performance of p‐Bi@C is much higher than that of Bi@a‐C because of the homogeneous anchoring effect of Bi nanocrystals in the MOF‐derived polyhedral C matrices, which have robust and high Na‐ion conduction. The p‐Bi@C delivered a highly reversible capacity (302 mAh g−1 over 100 cycles) and high rate capability (205 mAh g−1 at 2C). Therefore, this study provides a rational design of Bi‐based nanocomposite materials for application to high‐performance NIB anodes.

Dynamic template directed construction of three-dimensional porous bismuth aerogels for high-rate Na-ion storage

“…3g draws a comparison of rate capabilities between the 3DBS aerogel and the reported Bi-based anodes, demonstrating favorable high-rate performance of this electrode. 24,41–46 A comparison of the high-rate performance of some reported Bi anodes and the present Bi aerogel is summarized in Table S2†. 20,28,42,44,47,48 Notably, the electrochemical performance of the 3DBS anode is superior to that of many previously reported Bi-based anodes.…”

Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Materials for Advanced Sodium Storage: Development and Anticipation

“…Typically, alloy-type metals such as Zn, Sn, Bi, and Sb follow an alloy-type sodium storage mechanism and can deliver distinguished sodium storage capacity. [88,130] To alleviate the pronounced volume fluctuation and electrode pulverization, these materials are widely investigated with carbon encapsulation. According to Li et al, the nanocomposite with Sb in the porous carbon framework [123] Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.…”

“…Two different types of Bi-based nanocomposite materials were prepared by Park and group to enhance the Na storage performance of Bi. [130] One is an amorphous carbon (a-C)-modified Bi nanocomposite (Bi@a-C) fabricated via mechanical treatment and the other is a MOF-derived polyhedral Bi nanocomposite (p-Bi@C) fabricated via chemical treatment. The Na storage performance of p-Bi@C is much higher than that of Bi@a-C because of the homogeneous anchoring effect of Bi nanocrystals in the MOF-derived polyhedral carbon matrices, which have robust and high Na-ion conduction.…”

Rational Design of Bismuth Metal Anodes for Sodium-/Potassium-Ion Batteries: Recent Advances and Perspectives

“…Li et al [28] prepared N-doped carbon-coated Bi nanoparticles (Bi@C) by one-step pyrolysis of organic bismuth salt and attained stable Na + storage performance. Nam et al [29] designed two different types of Bi/carbon composites to investigate the Na + storage performance. Yang et al [30] successfully prepared a hierarchical Bi@C by uniformly encapsulating Bi nanoparticles in a carbon microsphere by an aerosol spray pyrolysis technique.…”

“…Ma et al [31] synthesized nitrogen-doped wrapped Bi nanospheres (Bi@NC) that exhibited splendid rate capability and satisfactory cycle stability that can be ascribed to the unique Bi nanocrystal and nitrogen-doped carbon shell's effective magnitude and the Li et al [28] prepared N-doped carbon-coated Bi nanoparticles (Bi@C) by one-step pyrolysis of organic bismuth salt and attained stable Na + storage performance. Nam et al [29] designed two different types of Bi/carbon composites to investigate the Na + storage performance. Yang et al [30] successfully prepared a hierarchical Bi@C by uniformly encapsulating Bi nanoparticles in a carbon microsphere by an aerosol spray pyrolysis technique.…”