Births of normal daughters after MicroSort sperm separation and intrauterine insemination, in-vitro fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Fugger, Edward F.; Black, Susan H.; Keyvanfar, Keyvan; Schulman, Joseph D.

doi:10.1093/humrep/13.9.2367

Cited by 130 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Likewise, Gametrics Limited in Alzada, Montana, which detailed the collective experience of 65 fertility clinics, states, "The overwhelming majority had two or more children of the same sex and desired a child of the opposite sex" (38). Finally, the Genetics & IVF Institute in Fairfax, Virginia, reports, "The majority of couples (Ͼ90.5%) in our study were seeking gender pre-selection for family balancing purposes, were in their mid-thirties, had two or three children of the same sex, and desired only one more child" (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The technology employs a flow cytometer that separates the 2.8% heavier X-from Y-bearing sperm to produce an X-or Y-enriched sperm sample for artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization (2)(3)(4). Upon successful completion of the clinical trial (which began in 1995), the potential exists for widespread dissemination and marketing of this technology throughout the United States (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preconception sex selection demand and preferences in the United States

Dahl

Gupta

Beutel

et al. 2006

Fertility and Sterility

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Objective: Preconception sex selection for nonmedical reasons raises important moral, legal, and social issues. The main concern is based upon the assumption that a widely available service for sex selection will lead to a socially disruptive imbalance of the sexes. For a severe sex ratio distortion to occur, however, at least two conditions have to be met. First, there must be a significant preference for children of a particular sex, and second, there must be a considerable interest in employing sex selection technology. Our objective was to ascertain such demand and preferences among the United States general population. Design: Cross-sectional web-based survey. Setting: United States general population. Patient(s):One thousand one hundred ninety-seven men and women aged 18 to 45 years. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Web-based questionnaire assessing preferences for sex of children and demand for preconception sex selection for nonmedical reasons. Result(s):Eight percent of respondents would use preconception sex selection technology, 74% were opposed, and 18% were undecided. If the sex selection process was simplified to taking a pill, 18% would be willing to use such a medication, 59% were opposed, and 22% were undecided. In terms of gender choices, 39% of respondents would like their first child to be a son, 19% would like their first child to be a daughter, and 42% had no preference. Overall, 50% wished to have a family with an equal number of boys and girls, 7% with more boys than girls, 6% with more girls than boys, 5% with only boys, 4% with only girls, and 27% had no preference. Conclusion(s): Preconception sex selection technology via sperm separation is unlikely to be used by the majority of the United States population and is unlikely to have a significant impact on the natural sex ratio. (Fertil Steril 2006;85:468 -73.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preconception sex selection demand and preferences in the United States

Dahl

Gupta

Beutel

et al. 2006

Fertility and Sterility

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“…The two methods currently commercially available are sperm separation and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Even though the intended use of such technologies was to prevent the birth of children with sexlinked genetic disorders, these technologies are being increasingly used for preimplantation sex selection for nonmedical reasons (http://www.microsort.net/index.php, accessed March 1, 2007) [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preimplantation sex selection demand and preferences among infertility patients in Midwestern United States

Missmer

Jain

2007

J Assist Reprod Genet

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Purpose To determine the demand and preferences of infertility patients for sex selection for nonmedical reasons, and to investigate the relation between these choices and their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Methods A cross-sectional, self-administered survey by mail was conducted at a University hospital-based fertility center of 1,350 consecutive women who presented for infertility care, to assess patient demand and preferences for sex selection. Results Of respondents, 49% wanted to select the sex of their next child for no added cost. Of these patients, 56% had no living children and 37% had children all of one sex. After adjustment for observed predictors of gender preference, we found a significant preference for a female child among women who had only sons, had more living children, or were single. Nulliparous women did not significantly prefer one sex over the other. Among parous women, those with only daughters significantly desired to select a male child, whereas those with sons significantly desired to select a female child. Conclusion There is significant demand among infertility patients for preimplantation sex selection, with a significant portion of this demand coming from patients who do not have any children or have children all of one sex.

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“…The production of offspring using sex-sorted spermatozoa in conjunction with in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) has been reported in cattle (Cran et al 1993, 1995, Fry et al 2004, pigs (Rath et al 1997, 1999, Abeydeera et al 1998, Johnson et al 2000, humans (Levinson et al 1995, Fugger et al 1998, Fugger 1999) and sheep (intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection; Catt et al 1996). Improvements in sorting efficiency (Rens et al 1998, 1999) and cryopreservation methods (Schenk et al 1999) for sex-sorted spermatozoa facilitated the production of offspring after low-dose artificial insemination (AI) in cattle , sheep (Hollinshead et al 2002a), horses (Lindsey et al 2002) and elk (Schenk & DeGrofft 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth of lambs of a pre-determined sex after in vitro production of embryos using frozen–thawed sex-sorted and re-frozen–thawed ram spermatozoa

Hollinshead

Evans

et al. 2004

Reproduction

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The characteristics and functional capacity of ram spermatozoa frozen-thawed prior to and after flow cytometric sorting was assessed after incubation (37 8C; 6 h), in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and transfer of fresh and vitrified in vitro produced embryos. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa from two rams were allocated to four treatment groups: (i) non-sorted (Control); (ii) sorted (FS); (iii) sorted then re-frozen (FSF) and (iv) re-frozen control (FCF). Frozen-thawed samples were separated into X-and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa using a high-speed sperm sorter after density gradient centrifugation (X: 88 6 1.5% and Y: 87 6 1.1% purity). After 6 h incubation (37 8C), the percentage of motile spermatozoa was higher (P < 0.001) for FS (84 6 2.0%) compared with all other treatments (Control: 36 6 3.3%, FSF: 28 6 3.1%, FCF: 20 6 2.0%). In a sperm migration test greater numbers of FS spermatozoa penetrated 5 mm into the artificial cervical mucus compared with spermatozoa from all other treatments (152 6 39.4 vs 31 6 9.2 spermatozoa respectively; P < 0.05). Fertilisation and cleavage rates were higher (P < 0.05) for in vitro matured oocytes inseminated with Control compared with FSF spermatozoa. However, the Day 7 blastocyst development rate was higher for oocytes inseminated with FSF (62.2%) than FS and Control spermatozoa (52.7 and 50.0%; P < 0.05). The number of ewes pregnant (Day 60), lambing and the in vivo embryo survival rate was greater (P < 0.01) after the transfer of fresh embryos rather than vitrified embryos derived from X-and Y-spermatozoa (67.6, 64.7 and 41.2% vs 29.6, 25.9 and 14.8% respectively).Twenty-six of the 30 (86.7%) lambs derived from sex-sorted spermatozoa were of the correct sex. These results demonstrate that frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa can be sex-sorted for immediate or future use after re-cryopreservation and, in conjunction with IVF and embryo transfer, can be used to efficiently produce offspring of pre-determined sex.

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Births of normal daughters after MicroSort sperm separation and intrauterine insemination, in-vitro fertilization, or intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Cited by 130 publications

References 29 publications

Preconception sex selection demand and preferences in the United States

Preconception sex selection demand and preferences in the United States

Preimplantation sex selection demand and preferences among infertility patients in Midwestern United States

Birth of lambs of a pre-determined sex after in vitro production of embryos using frozen–thawed sex-sorted and re-frozen–thawed ram spermatozoa

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