Birth Injury of Left Arm Showing Crossed Re-Innervation from Phrenic Nerve into Nerves Supplying Biceps, Extensor Digitorum Communis and other Muscles

Sargent, Frank

doi:10.1177/003591575004300403

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…However, recent studies of developmental biology have highlighted commonalities between the diaphragm and forelimb muscles: both these muscles develop in LPM-derived mesenchyme expressing Tbx5 and Hgf , unlike the hypobranchial muscles [ 119 , 133 , 152 , 153 ]. In addition, a few clinical cases of associated movements between the diaphragm and some forelimb muscles (Erb’s palsy) in patients who experienced birth injuries of the brachial plexus have been reported [ 300 – 302 ]. As suggested by Oosuga [ 303 ], it is possible that these cases reflect the forelimb muscle-like identity of the diaphragm.…”

Section: Diaphragm: An Evolutionary Novelty Of the Mammalian Lineagementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the muscular system in tetrapod limbs

Hirasawa

Kuratani

2018

Zoological Lett

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While skeletal evolution has been extensively studied, the evolution of limb muscles and brachial plexus has received less attention. In this review, we focus on the tempo and mode of evolution of forelimb muscles in the vertebrate history, and on the developmental mechanisms that have affected the evolution of their morphology. Tetrapod limb muscles develop from diffuse migrating cells derived from dermomyotomes, and the limb-innervating nerves lose their segmental patterns to form the brachial plexus distally. Despite such seemingly disorganized developmental processes, limb muscle homology has been highly conserved in tetrapod evolution, with the apparent exception of the mammalian diaphragm. The limb mesenchyme of lateral plate mesoderm likely plays a pivotal role in the subdivision of the myogenic cell population into individual muscles through the formation of interstitial muscle connective tissues. Interactions with tendons and motoneuron axons are involved in the early and late phases of limb muscle morphogenesis, respectively. The mechanism underlying the recurrent generation of limb muscle homology likely resides in these developmental processes, which should be studied from an evolutionary perspective in the future.

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Section: Diaphragm: An Evolutionary Novelty Of the Mammalian Lineagementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the muscular system in tetrapod limbs

Hirasawa

Kuratani

2018

Zoological Lett

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“…BMs have been reported post-trauma, post-BBP, post-surgery associated with spinal cord pathologies, post-thoracotomy and idiopathic. [ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 ] In these 2 patients what is different is that the intermittent but recurrent firing of multiple motor units in the BMs had caused persistent contraction of these muscles leading to a dynamic joint defect which puzzled the clinician. This could be explained by the fact that the muscle had good recovery post-surgery as demonstrated by the CMAP amplitude and adding to that the continuous input from the inspiration was producing a “dystonia” like effect on the muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 2 ] Breathing muscles (BMs) can also contribute to restricted function as demonstrated in these 2 patients. BM is one which receives cross-reinnervation from either the phrenic nerve,[ 3 4 5 6 7 ] respiratory centres[ 8 9 ], or the T1-T2 thoracic nerves. [ 10 ] BM can be seen as a rippling muscle or is detected during needle electromyography (EMG).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breathing Muscles Produces a “Dystonia Like” Contraction

Mansukhani

Thatte

Sharma

et al. 2021

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology

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“…“Breathing arm” or respiratory synkinesis (RS) is a syndrome of synchronous contraction of one or multiple upper limb muscles with the diaphragm muscle. Respiratory synkinesis has mainly been reported in the context of an upper limb injury, such as after shoulder dystocia in a newborn or a traumatic event (car accident, stabbing, gunshot wound, or surgery) resulting in aberrant phrenic nerve or cervical root regeneration. Other reported causes include meningitis, syringomyelia, and syringobulbia; however idiopathic causes of RS are rare.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%