Thomas Telford, project managerThis paper examines Thomas Telford's achievement as a project manager against modern criteria for that role. It shows that he was undoubtedly one of the best project managers of his time but appears to have confined his innovations to engineering design rather than attempting to change the way major projects were managed. He nevertheless inspired all who worked with him and proved that you do not need modern communications and management tools to be an outstanding project manager.Although the word management was not in his vocabulary or that of any of his contemporaries, Thomas Telford (1757-1834) appears to have been interested in what would now be called the management of the projects which he took in hand. His skill in developing engineering science and technology will always be his greater monument. As a manager he was very good for his time but he was not an innovator in this sphere.It is instructive to review his career as a civil engineer against modern criteria of effectiveness in project management, given that the objectives of the engineer as manager have not changed since his time and probably never will.The most important criterion of success in civil engineering management is that the completed work should deliver the intended benefit-it should do the job, it should work. The subcriteria are that it should be ready to use on or before the planned date, it should not have cost more than the amount budgeted and that, in use, its economy of operation and maintenance should produce a return which justifies the investment of capital by the promoters.These are the eternal criteria but, measured against them, a project manager of Telford's era could not be expected to perform as well as one of today. This is for two main reasons. First, civil engineers today have 200 more years of experience, of learning from what works and what does not, of debate, experiment and teaching about how best to manage their projects.Second, modern engineers can communicate so much better. Telford and his contemporaries could only communicate directly with a person who was within hearing, either on site or in the office. All other communications were on paper, transmitted no faster than a galloping horse over land or a sailing boat over the sea. This was manageable for the young Telford when he was living and working in Shropshire, but a very severe problem later when the Caledonian Canal was under construction in Scotland or the Gotha Canal in Sweden.The related management skills of delegation and of staff development were more important then than now. In the virtual absence of communication, delegation was essential but pointless unless it was to someone of adequate experience and judgement.This paper comprises an analysis of Telford as manager as evidenced by the surviving records of what he did.