Birch Reduction of Graphite. Edge and Interior Functionalization by Hydrogen

Yang, Zhiqiang; Sun, Yong; Alemany, Lawrence B.; Narayanan, Tharangattu N.; Billups, W. E.

doi:10.1021/ja3073116

Cited by 114 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…1. The Li/liquid ammonia solution is a strong reducing agent and reacts with graphite to form the well-known [graphite anion] -Li + composites [30]. As a result, the graphene layers of the graphite become negatively charged and the van der Waals forces between the stacked graphene layers are overcome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-assisted exfoliation of pristine graphite for few-layer graphene nanosheets

Sun

Shen

et al. 2014

Nano Res.

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A lithium-assisted approach has been developed for the exfoliation of pristine graphite, which allows the large-scale preparation of few-layer graphene nanosheets. The process involves an unexpected physical insertion and exfoliation, and the graphene nanosheets prepared by this method reveal undisturbed sp 2 -hybridized structures. A possible two-step mechanism, which involves the negative charge being trapped around the edges of the graphite layers and a subsequent lithiation process, is proposed to explain the insertion of lithium inside the graphite interlayers. If necessary, the present exfoliation can be repeated and thinner (single or 2-3 layer) graphene can be achieved on a large scale. This simple process provides an efficient process for the exfoliation of pristine graphite, which might promote the future applications of graphene.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-assisted exfoliation of pristine graphite for few-layer graphene nanosheets

Sun

Shen

et al. 2014

Nano Res.

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“…Figure 5a presents the 13 C SSNMR spectra of as-obtained GO and rGO photoreduced for 40 h. The peaks shown in the spectrum are generally assigned to the functional groups previously reported for GO 40 . It is evident that the relative peak intensity of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 10 epoxides at 70 ppm decreased significantly by photoreduction, while a relatively sharp peak corresponding to C-H bonding was detected at 40 ppm for the rGO sample 41,42 .…”

Section: Structural Analysis Of Photoreduced Gomentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlated Optical and Magnetic Properties in Photoreduced Graphene Oxide

et al. 2014

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Optical and magnetic properties of graphene oxide (GO) have been intensively investigated because of the promising applications of GO-related materials in various technical fields. So far, the optical and magnetic properties of GO have been discussed independently. However, localized electronic states in reduced GO may simultaneously add optical transitions and spin moments in sp 2 nanodomains in GO nanosheets. In the present study, the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of graphene oxide (GO) photoreduced in an aqueous solution are correlated on the basis of experimental and theoretical investigations. Experimental observations show that photoreduction leads to enhancement of visible absorption, quenching of photoluminescence, and emergence of magnetism. Detailed spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations indicate the presence of photoreduction-produced basal plane C-H bonding and carbon vacancies. Ab initio calculations suggest that the presence of these defects in sp 2 nanodomains results in singly occupied molecular orbital levels in the π-π* gap to afford enhanced visible to near infrared (NIR) absorption and emergence of magnetism, which is consistent with the experimentally observed change in the optical and magnetic properties of GO by photoreduction. Enhancement of NIR emissions observed in shortly photoreduced GO and their extinction found in longer photoreduced GO are explained with integrating the theoretical calculations and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. The correlation among structural, optical, and magnetic properties, highlighted for the first time, could help accelerate the development of open-shell nanographene devices with concurrently tunable electrical, optical, magnetic, and electrochemical properties.

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“…Notable among these is the Birch reduction, which employs alkali metal dissolved in liquid ammonia to reduce graphene to a strongly negatively charged species. Quenching the reaction mixture with a proton donor such as an alcohol or water gives highly hydrogenated graphene (40)(41)(42). In our own lab, we have shown that single-layer graphene that has been hydrogenated via the Birch reduction can be nearly completely restored to pristine graphene (43).…”

Section: Hydrogenationmentioning

confidence: 94%

Reversible Graphene Functionalization for Electronic Applications: A Review

2014

ACS Symposium Series

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Birch Reduction of Graphite. Edge and Interior Functionalization by Hydrogen

Cited by 114 publications

References 42 publications

Lithium-assisted exfoliation of pristine graphite for few-layer graphene nanosheets

Lithium-assisted exfoliation of pristine graphite for few-layer graphene nanosheets

Correlated Optical and Magnetic Properties in Photoreduced Graphene Oxide

Reversible Graphene Functionalization for Electronic Applications: A Review

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