“…The Air Force Research Laboratory, Thermal and Electrochemical Branch evaluated numerous aircraft battery designs and chemistries since the 1960s. Recently experiments on advanced battery chemistries have shown poor performance at ultra low temperatures below -20 o C [1,2]. In particular, development of nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) aircraft batteries showed significant differences with ultra low temperature performance between a basic prismatic design [3] and a pseudo bipolar design [4].…”