Biphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception

Vliet, Huib AAM Van; Grimes, David A.; Helmerhorst, Frans M.; Schulz, Kenneth F.; Lopez, Laureen M

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002032.pub2

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Combined OCs can be comprised of mono-, bi-or tri-phasic formulations, referring to the number of different doses of hormones administered throughout the cycle of pills. Monophasic pills administer a consistent and stable amount of hormones across the cycle, while bi-and tri-phasic formulations administer increasing amounts of hormones, in an attempt to imitate the fluctuations observed during the natural menstrual cycle [14,15]. Ethinylestradiol (EE) is a synthetic form of the endogenously-circulating E2 and is by far the most commonly used form of estrogen in OCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Ethinylestradiol and Progestins (“the pill”) on Cognitive Function in Pre-menopausal Women

Gogos

Williams

et al. 2014

Neurochem Res

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Oral contraceptives (OCs), often referred to as "the pill", are the most commonly employed form of reversible contraception. OCs are comprised of combined synthetic estrogen and progestin, which work to suppress ovulation and subsequently protect against pregnancy. To date, almost 200 million women have taken various formulations of OC, making it one of the most widely consumed classes of medication in the world. While a substantial body of literature has been dedicated to understanding the physical effects of OCs, much less is known about the long term consequences of OC use on brain anatomy and the associated cognitive effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that sex hormones may significantly affect human cognition. This phenomenon has been commonly studied in older populations, such as in post-menopausal women, while research in healthy, pre-menopausal women remains limited. The current review focused on the effects of OCs on human cognition, with the majority of studies comparing pre-menopausal OC users to naturally cycling women. Human neuroimaging data and animal studies are also described herein. Taken together, the published findings on OC use and human cognition are varied. Of those that do report positive results, OC users appear to have improved verbal memory, associative learning and spatial attention. We recommend future research to employ blinding procedures and randomised designs. Further, more detailed information pertaining to the specific generation and phasic type of OCs, as well as menstrual cycle phase of the OC non-users should be considered to help unmask the potential impact of OC use on human cognition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Ethinylestradiol and Progestins (“the pill”) on Cognitive Function in Pre-menopausal Women

Gogos

Williams

et al. 2014

Neurochem Res

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“…There is no evidence, however, that OCs containing 20 mg of EE have a better safety profile than OCs containing 30 or 35 mg of EE. Similarly, multiphasic OC preparations have not been shown to be safer or more efficacious than monophasic OCs with the same EE content (23).…”

Section: Oral Contraceptives Containing Less Than 30 Mg Ethinyl Estramentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal contraception: recent advances and controversies

2008

Fertility and Sterility

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“…Multiphasic (variable dose) COCs are also available in which the dose of either or both steroid hormones varies during the pill cycle. Evidence is inadequate to establish whether multiphasic COCs differ significantly from monophasic COCs in terms of bleeding patterns, side-effects, discontinuation rates, or effectiveness in preventing pregnancy [25][26][27]. As existing evidence suggests there is no particular advantage to multiphasic preparations, it is recommended that monophasic COCs should be used as a first-line intervention.…”

Section: Standard Regimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective Chapter: Modern Birth Control Methods

Kindi¹,

Salmani²,

Hadhrami³

et al. 2022

Studies in Family Planning

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This chapter focuses on various modern birth control methods, including combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only pills, progestogen-only injectables, progestogen-only implants, intrauterine devices, barrier contraceptives, and emergency contraceptive pills. Each contraceptive method is covered in detail, including mechanism of action, effectiveness, health benefits, advantages, disadvantages, risks, and side-effects.

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Biphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception

Abstract: Biphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception.

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

The Effects of Ethinylestradiol and Progestins (“the pill”) on Cognitive Function in Pre-menopausal Women

The Effects of Ethinylestradiol and Progestins (“the pill”) on Cognitive Function in Pre-menopausal Women

Hormonal contraception: recent advances and controversies

Perspective Chapter: Modern Birth Control Methods

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