Biphasic Scaffolds from Marine Collagens for Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects

Abstract

Background: Collagens of marine origin are applied increasingly as alternatives to mammalian collagens in tissue engineering. The aim of the present study was to develop a biphasic scaffold from exclusively marine collagens supporting both osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation and to find a suitable setup for in vitro chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stroma cells (hMSC). Methods: Biphasic scaffolds from biomimetically mineralized salmon collagen and fibrillized jellyfish collagen were fabricated by joint freeze-drying and crosslinking. Different experiments were performed to analyze the influence of cell density and TGF-β on osteogenic differentiation of the cells in the scaffolds. Gene expression analysis and analysis of cartilage extracellular matrix components were performed and activity of alkaline phosphatase was determined. Furthermore, histological sections of differentiated cells in the biphasic scaffolds were analyzed. Results: Stable biphasic scaffolds from two different marine collagens were prepared. An in vitro setup for osteochondral differentiation was developed involving (1) different seeding densities in the phases; (2) additional application of alginate hydrogel in the chondral part; (3) pre-differentiation and sequential seeding of the scaffolds and (4) osteochondral medium. Spatially separated osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC was achieved in this setup, while osteochondral medium in combination with the biphasic scaffolds alone was not sufficient to reach this ambition. Conclusions: Biphasic, but monolithic scaffolds from exclusively marine collagens are suitable for the development of osteochondral constructs.

Evaluation of the Potential of Collagen from Codfish Skin as a Biomaterial for Biomedical Applications

“…This has been recently confirmed by a comparative study by Bao et al [28], which also raised the possibility of a synergistic effect of hydroxyproline and cysteine, affecting not only the thermal properties of collagen, but also its mechanical properties. Other possibilities to overcome the limited mechanical properties may be the establishment of extraction protocols that render more native macromolecular entities, namely, preserving interaction with glycosaminoglycans [29], or addressing processing features, namely, chemical crosslinking [30,31].…”

A Novel Reconstruction Device for Osteonecrotic Femoral Head Efficacy Evaluation: A Randomized-controlled Feasibility Trial

“…[23,24] Our previous animal experience in pigs [11,12] and mice models [13] have testi ed the surgical applicability and e ciency of the cartilage defect repairs, and this step was necessary before this clinical application could apply to humans. In other literatures, biphasic scaffold for osteochondral regeneration was used in sheep [25,26], rabbits [26,27], and marine [28] collagens models. The animals chosen with similar articular anatomy and physiology to those in humans would be the ideal and suitable dimensions for the surgical operation.…”

Utilization of marine by-products for the recovery of value-added products

“…Recent research indicates that marine organisms are the most convenient and the safest sources to obtain high-quality collagen. Therefore, marine collagens are considered as promising alternatives to mammalian collagen, particularly in biomedical applications as well as in food uses (Bernhardt et al, 2018). Apart from having desirable functional properties such as good absorption capacity (Rahman 2019), they have better potential in biomaterial applications due to a lower risk related to biological toxins.…”

“…Therefore, collagen from marine origin can be used in a plethora of applications compared to other collagen sources, particularly terrestrial animal originated collagen. According to the current research trends, collagens of marine origin have overtaken mammalian collagens in tissue engineering of the biomedical field (Bernhardt et al, 2018;).…”

“…Rohu, catla, megrim, dover sole, codfish, hake, carp, shark, spotted golden goatfish, tuna, niger triggerfish and tilapia are some of the fish species that have been subjected to extraction of collagen from marine vertebrates (Gómez-Guillén et al, 2002;Kittiphattanabawon et al, 2010;Matmaroh et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2011;Carvalho et al, 2018). A recent study found that collagens extracted from Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar has the potential for use as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications (Bernhardt et al, 2018). However, the main constraint related to fish collagens is the establishment of a sound extraction process for their commercial exploitation (Carvalho et al, 2018).…”