Biotransformation of Patulin by
            <i>Gluconobacter oxydans</i>

Ricelli, Alessandra; Baruzzi, Federico; Solfrizzo, Michele; Morea, M.; Fanizzi, Francesco Paolo

doi:10.1128/aem.02032-06

Cited by 84 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The products of biodegradation of individual mycotoxins differ, depending on the chemical bonds within each mycotoxin that are targeted by the respective biodegradation pathway. For the most part, the products of patulin biodegradation had not been identified (Anderson et al 1979;Harwig et al 1973;Stinson et al 1978;Sumbu et al 1983) until recently, when ascladiol (Moss and Long 2002;Ricelli et al 2007) and desoxypatulinic acid (DPA) were characterized. The two compounds probably use alternative pathways, since one process is anaerobic (leading to ascladiol) and the other is aerobic (leading to DPA).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two rapid assays for screening of patulin biodegradation

Wright

Felice

Ianiri

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The mycotoxin patulin is produced by the blue mould pathogen Penicillium expansum in rotting apples during postharvest storage. Patulin is toxic to a wide range of organisms, including humans, animals, fungi and bacteria. Wash water from apple packing and processing houses often harbours patulin and fungal spores, which can contaminate the environment. Ubiquitous epiphytic yeasts, such as Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain LS11 which is a biocontrol agent of P. expansum in apples, have the capacity to resist the toxicity of patulin and to biodegrade it. Two non-toxic products are formed. One is desoxypatulinic acid. The aim of the work was to develop rapid, high-throughput bioassays for monitoring patulin degradation in multiple samples. Escherichia coli was highly sensitive to patulin, but insensitive to desoxypatulinic acid. This was utilized to develop a detection test for patulin, replacing time-consuming thin layer chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. Two assays for patulin degradation were developed, one in liquid medium and the other in semi-solid medium. Both assays allow the contemporary screening of a large number of samples. The liquid medium assay utilizes 96-well microtiter plates and was optimized for using a minimum of patulin. The semisolid medium assay has the added advantage of slowing down the biodegradation, which allows the study and isolation of transient degradation products. The two assays are complementary and have several areas of utilization, from screening a bank of microorganisms for biodegradation ability to the study of biodegradation pathways.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two rapid assays for screening of patulin biodegradation

Wright

Felice

Ianiri

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Membrane-bound polyol dehydrogenases are also used in biosensor technology to measure substrate concentration and for co-enzyme regeneration (De Muynck et al, 2007). It has been also used to metabolize patulin to a less-toxic compound, ascladiol (Ricelli et al, 2007). As spoilage bacteria, representatives of Gluconobacter oxydans are usually associated to bacterial rot of fruits and the common habitat is sugar-rich environments such as fruits and juices.…”

Section: Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food and feed (2013 update)

Publication¹

2013

EFS2

171

122

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EFSA is requested to assess the safety of a broad range of biological agents in the context of notifications for market authorisation as sources of food and feed additives, enzymes and plant protection products. The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) assessment was developed to provide a harmonised generic pre-assessment to support safety risk assessments performed by EFSA's scientific Panels. The safety of unambiguously defined biological agents (at the highest taxonomic unit appropriate for the purpose for which an application is intended), and the completeness of the body of knowledge are assessed. Identified safety concerns for a taxonomic unit are, where possible and reasonable in number, reflected as 'qualifications' in connection with a recommendation for a QPS status. The list of QPS recommended biological agents is reviewed and updated periodically. Therefore, the only valid list is the one in the most recently published scientific opinion. The 2013 update reviews previously assessed microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi, oomycetes and viruses used for plant protection purposes. All taxonomic units previously recommended for the QPS list had their status reconfirmed. The new notifications since the last QPS update were reviewed. Gluconobacter oxydans and Alphaflexiviridae were assessed for the first time and were recommended for the QPS list. The information of the previous opinion was updated for the taxonomic units on the QPS list. Qualifications for the taxonomic units included in the QPS recommended list were reviewed and confirmed. Filamentous fungi and enterococci were not recommended for the QPS list following updating and reviewing of current scientific knowledge. SUMMARYThe European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) asked the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS biological agents intentionally added to food or feed (2013 update). The question included four specific tasks in the terms of reference (ToR).The first required a preparation of an update of the list of biological agents for intentional use in feed and/or food, or as sources of food and feed additives or enzymes and as plant protection products for safety assessment as notified to EFSA Units and/or Scientific Panels such as Pesticides, the Panels on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). The list was updated with the notifications received where applicable by EFSA Panels and Units since the last review.The second ToR was concerned with an annual review of the list of biological agents recommended for the QPS list. Where appropriate new taxonomic units should be assessed for their suitability for an inclusion in the QPS list, and taxonomic units previously assessed should be reviewed where new information has become available. The information provided in the previous opinion should be updated where appropriate. The BIOHAZ Panel confirmed all taxonomic units previously re...

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“…High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the fermentations showed the appearance of two major metabolites, probably E-and Z-ascladiol. In a recent study [113] the ability of Gluconobacter oxydans to degrade PAT was investigated and the degradation products of this mycotoxin determined. More than 96% of PAT was degraded after 12 h treatment, due to change of chemical structure (opening of the pyran ring).…”

Section: Patulin (Pat)mentioning

confidence: 99%