Biotransformation of Major Ginsenoside Rb₁ to Rd by Dekkera anomala YAE-1 from Mongolian Fermented Milk (Airag)

Abstract

Dekkera anomala YAE-1 strain separated from "airag" (Mongolian fermented mare's milk) produces β-glucosidase, which can convert ginsenoside Rb 1 from Panax ginseng. Ginseng-derived bioactive components such as ginsenoside Rb 1 have various immunological and anticancer activities. Airag was collected from five different mare milk farms located near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. YAE-1 strains were isolated from airag to examine the hydrolytic activities of β-glucosidase on Korean Panax ginseng using an API ZYM kit. Supernatants of selected cultures having β-glucosidase activity were examined for hydrolysis of the major ginsenoside Rb 1 at 40°C, pH 5.0. The YAE-1 strain was found to be nearly identical at 99.9% homology with Dekkera anomala DB-7B, and was thus named Dekkera anomala YAE-1. This strain exerted higher β-glucosidase activity than other enzymes. Reaction mixtures from Dekkera anomala YAE-1 showed great capacity for converting ginsenoside Rb 1 to ginsenoside Rd. The β-glucosidase produced by Dekkera anomala YAE-1 was able to hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb 1 and convert it to Rd during fermentation of the ginseng. The amount of ginsenoside Rd was highly increased from 0 to 1.404 mg/ml in fermented 20% ginseng root at 7 days.

Identification of β-Glucosidase Activity of Lentilactobacillus buchneri URN103L and Its Potential to Convert Ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng

“…Additionally, the crude enzyme extract from Leuconostoc citreum can convert ginsenoside Rb1 in the following sequence: Rb1→Rd→F2→compound K [ 27 ]. Consistently, β-glucosidase isolated from D. anomala YAE-1 fully converted ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rd after 48 h of incubation [ 14 ].…”

“…However, this strain did not metabolize ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenosides Rb2 and Re. Finally, TLC analysis ( Figure 2 ) showed that LAB showing extracellular β-glucosidase activity only weakly metabolized ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rd [ 13 , 14 ].…”

“…Enzyme activity patterns of the selected strains were investigated using the API ZYM Kit for the research of enzymatic activity (bioMerieux, Marcy-I’Etoile, France), following manufacturer instructions [ 14 ].…”

Biotransformation, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacological Activities of Ginsenoside Rd Against Multiple Diseases

“…Ginsenoside Rd can be synthesized from ginsenoside Rb1 by the hydrolysis of glucose at C-20 ( Akter and Huq, 2018 ). The β-glucosidase produced by pectinase ( Fang et al, 2020 ), Dekkera anomala YAE-1 ( Renchinkhand et al, 2020 ), Paenibacillus sp. MBT213 ( Renchinkhand et al, 2017 ), Flavobacterium johnsoniae ( Hong et al, 2012 ), Leuconostoc mesenteroides DC102 ( Quan et al, 2011 ), and Lactobacillus brevis ( Zhong et al, 2016 ) is able to hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) and convert it to ginsenoside Rd during the fermentation of the ginseng.…”

“…β-glucosidase cleaves the glycoside at the C-3 position of ginsenoside Rd and produces the ginsenoside compound CK ( Renchinkhand et al, 2020 ). Ginsenoside M1 is formed by the hydrolysis of the C-3 glucose group in ginsenoside Rd by snailase ( Renchinkhand et al, 2017 ).…”