Biotoxicity and persistence of nonylphenol during incubation in a compost-sandstone mixture

Trocmé, M.; Tarradellas, J.; Védy, J.-C.

doi:10.1007/bf00262135

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, in soil, given its high affinity for organic matter and its low solubility, volatilization should be limited. Trocme et al (1988) demonstrated that the volatilization rate of nonylphenol from soils is not significant, since only 0.2% of the NP in a soil (1 mg/kg) was removed after 40 days. However, NP atmospheric transport can occur associated with aerosols produced by the aerators of the sewage sludge treatment plants and these aerosols can reach aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by wet deposition (Fries and Puttmann 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

et al. 2009

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Background, aim, and scope Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) are a widely used class of nonionic surfactants known to be toxic and endocrine-disrupting contaminants. Their use and production have been banned in the European Union and substituted by other surfactants considered as environmentally safer. However, their use continues in many countries without any legal control. Discharges of effluents from wastewater treatment plants and the application of sewage sludge application, landfilling, and accidental spillage to soils are the major sources of NPEOs in the environment. The biodegradation of these surfactants is relatively easy, leading to the accumulation of the simplest chemical forms of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP, NP1EO, and NP2EO) and nonylphenol carboxy acids (NP2EC or NP1EC). However, these are also the most toxic end-products and have a higher environmental persistence. Compared to aquatic ecosystems, not much is known about the effects of NPEOs in terrestrial organisms, with few studies mainly centered on the effects on plants and soil microorganisms. The main aim of this study is to provide the range of concentrations of NPEOs with ecotoxicological effects on different plants and soil invertebrate species. In addition, we aim to identify the main soil properties influencing their toxicity.Materials and methods Two natural soils collected and OECD artificial soil were used in toxicity bioassays. Two different NPEO formulations were tested. On the one hand, a technical mixture of NPEOs containing chain isomers and oligomers with an average of eight ethoxy units was used for the experiments and is referred to herein as NP8EO. On the other hand, technical-grade 4-nonylphenol 95% purity was also used and called NP in this study. The chemicals were applied and mixed with soil as an acetone solution. The toxicity of NP8EO and NP was assessed in different taxonomical groups (plants, earthworms, enchytraeids, and collembolans) according to their respective standardized methods. The effect on lethal and sublethal endpoints was assessed and, by means of linear and non-linear regression models, the NPEO concentration causing 10% and 50% inhibition was estimated. The influence of soil properties on the toxicity was assessed using generalized linear models (GLM). Results The chemicals tested showed contrasting toxicities, NP being clearly more toxic than NP8EO. There were also substantial differences in the sensitivity of the species and endpoints, together with clearly different toxicities in different soils. Plants were the least affected group compared to soil invertebrates, since plant endpoints were unaffected or only slightly inhibited. In soil invertebrates, reproduction was the most affected endpoint compared to growth or survival. Toxicity was the lowest in OECD artificial soil in comparison to natural soils, with a lower organic matter content. Discussion The higher toxicity of NP, both in plant and soil invertebrate bioassays, is consistent with previously published studies and its relatively high p...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

et al. 2009

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“…However, the detectable NPE residues remained sequestered in the landfill soil for several additional months. Trocme et al (1988) monitored the persistence of nonylphenol applied to an artificial soil for 40 days. The authors reported that carbon dioxide production and biomass adenosine triphosphate were reduced at a concentration of 1000 ppm nonylphenol, but not 100 ppm nonylphenol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatability of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants in On‐Site Wastewater Disposal Systems

Huntsman¹,

Staples²,

Naylor³

et al. 2006

Water Environment Research

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The fate of nine-mole nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE9) discharged to an on-site wastewater disposal (septic) system was the focus of a 2-year investigation. Known amounts of NPE9-based detergent were metered daily into the plumbing at a single-family household. The ethoxylate-containing wastewater was discharged to the highly anoxic environment of a 4500-L septic tank before distribution to the oxic subsurface via 100 m of leach line. After 180 days of injecting detergent to the septic system, periodic soil pore water and/or groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs), nonylphenol ether carboxylates, and nonylphenol. The NPE9 and degradation intermediates that were measured were reduced by 99.99% on a molar basis. An 18% reduction in molar concentration within the septic tank was observed. This was followed by a further 96.7% reduction of molar concentration within the leach lines. As the pore water migrated through the vadose zone, an additional 99.69% reduction in molar concentration was measured between the bottom of the leach lines (leach line effluent) and the lowest vadose zone monitoring location. The results obtained from these analyses indicate that degradation of the surfactant occurs within the anoxic portion of the disposal system with continued rapid biodegradation in the oxic unsaturated zone. Only trace amounts of degradation residuals were detected in soil pore water. The concentration and distribution of various degradation intermediates with respect to location, time, and ambient physical conditions were evaluated. Rapid and systematic degradation of NPE in on-site wastewater disposal systems was documented. Water Environ. Res., 78, 2397Res., 78, (2006.

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“…[1][2][3][4] The commercial products are marketed as complex mixtures of ethoxymers, a consequence of the synthetic process in which nonylphenol reacts with ethylene oxide under base catalysis to produce oligomers having the general formula 4-(C 9 H 19 )-C 6 H 4 -(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n -OH. Thus, the commercial products often reflect the degree of polymerization during the manufacturing process and, as a result, many of the NPEs used in commerce contain appreciable amount of low molecular weight ethoxymers, some of which have been implicated in the feminization of aquatic species.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of the instrumental detection limits of commercial nonylphenol ethoxylates with a wide range of molecular masses using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Ayorinde

Elhilo

1999

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

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Recent interest in the environmental fate and impact of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) has necessitated the need for the development of specific, and yet efficient, analytical methodologies for their detection. Using seventeen commercial NPEs, all having the general formula 4-(C(9)H(19))-C(6)H(4)-(OCH(2)CH(2))(n)-OH, we have established minimum concentrations at which matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)/time-of-flight (TOF)/mass spectrometry (MS) can be used in their detection. The NPEs were dissolved in an acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran (3:1) solvent system prior to mixing with the matrix (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, dissolved in acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran) solution, and the resulting MALDI-TOF mass spectra produced mostly sodiated molecules [M + Na](+).For the NPEs in which the major components contain three to ten ethoxy units, the sodiated molecules were detected at a minimum analyte concentration of 10 &mgr;g/L, whereas those in which the major components contain eight to fifteen ethoxy units were detected at a minimum concentration of 30 &mgr;g/L. Those NPEs containing oligomers in excess of twenty ethoxy units were only detectable at much higher concentration. For examples, Surfonic(R) N-300, N-400, N550, N-700, N-800, and N-1000 had detection limits of (&mgr;g/L): 1000, 1600, 2000, 2600, 3500 and 4500, respectively. These variations in instrumental detection limits must be considered when analyzing environmental samples for the presence of nonylphenol ethoxylates. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Biotoxicity and persistence of nonylphenol during incubation in a compost-sandstone mixture

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

Soil pollution by nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates and their effects to plants and invertebrates

Treatability of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants in On‐Site Wastewater Disposal Systems

Determination of the instrumental detection limits of commercial nonylphenol ethoxylates with a wide range of molecular masses using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

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