Biotic Influences: Parasitic Associations

Lambers, Hans; Oliveira, Rafael S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29639-1_15

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Additionally, the spread of parasitic weeds in Africa may be impacted by changes in agricultural practices, such as the introduction of new crop varieties or the use of different herbicides or pesticides. Apparent strains of parasitic weeds in Africa include Striga asiatica, Striga hermonthica, Cuscuta campestris, Orobanche spp., Striga gesnerioides, Striga lutea, Alectra spp., Rhamphicarpa fistulosa, Striga orobanchioides and Sesamia calamistis [27,28] .…”

Section: Strain Variability Of Parasitic Weeds In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Insight of Parasitic Weeds in Africa and Scientific Developments: A Review

2023

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Parasitic weeds are a major threat to food security in Africa and control measures mostly done by smallholder farmers are not effective in eradicating the parasites. This results in a yield loss up to 100%. Parasitic weeds comprise Alectra vogelii, Striga spp., Orobanche spp., Rafflesia spp., and Phoradendron spp. Parasitic attachment is successful when three necessary conditions have been fulfilled namely the compatible host, suitable environment, and parasitic weed. These species parasite plant species through special attachment features such as modified leaves, suckers, haustoria, or modified roots. In Africa, the variability of parasitic weeds is largely driven by environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil type, and crop husbandry practices. Warmer temperatures create more hospitable conditions for certain parasitic weeds, and allowing them to spread to new areas. Parasitic weed control is vital for effective crop production and the control strategies can be achieved through integrated weed control method that embraces mechanical, cultural, chemical, and biological methods. However, the most effective and crucial method is the cultivation of resistant varieties that provide long-term protection against parasitic weeds. Studies have been done on host-parasite attachment where dodder can send out new roots to infected neighbouring plants and spread their parasitic behaviour. More insight and knowledge should offer new goals for control within the life cycle of the parasitic weeds and their metabolic activities. Lastly, disciplines such as agronomy, plant breeding, nutrition, economics, and IT should play their roles effectively in combating parasitic weeds.

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Section: Strain Variability Of Parasitic Weeds In Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil low in organic matter and high in minerals is most suitable for parasitic weeds such as dodder, witchweed, and broomrape [27,47] . These weeds extract nutrients and water from the host plants they parasitise, and they thrive in soils that lack organic matter.…”

Section: An Overview Of Parasitic Weeds 21 Soil Condition Suitable Fo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Insight of Parasitic Weeds in Africa and Scientific Developments: A Review

2023

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“…Hemiparasites are predominantly xylem-feeders absorbing water and mineral nutrients from host plants. To ensure rapid intake of xylem solutes, hemiparasites undergo rapid transpiration to import hosts' nutrients via the transpiration stream [23]. In some cases, flux of organic carbon flow from host plant to the hemiparasite in the form of xylem-mobile organic elements [24].…”

Section: Various Modes Of Parasitism and Nutrition Of Parasitic Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A notable exception is a root-parasite Epifagus virginiana (beech-drops) which strictly parasitise Fagus grandifolia (American beech) [23]. Among shoot parasites, host specificity is particularly seen in mistletoes, for e.g., Arceuthobium minutissimum (Himalayan dwarf mistletoe), which only parasitises Pinus griffithii (Himalayan blue pine) and Phoradendrons cabberimum (Mexican mistletoe) that grow only on other mistletoes [21,23]. Some species within a genus are found to be in the range of generalist to specialist.…”

Section: Various Modes Of Parasitism and Nutrition Of Parasitic Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic Plants as Vectors for Pathogens

Gogoi¹,

Baruah²,

Poudel³

et al. 2022

Parasitic Plants

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Parasitic plants obtain their nutrition from their hosts. In addition to this direct damage, they cause indirect damage to their hosts by transmitting various plant pathogens. There are some 4,500 species of parasitic plants known; out of them, nearly 60% are root parasites and the rest of them parasitise on the shoot parts. Orobanchaceae and Convolvulaceae are the two mostly studied families of parasitic plants; and the parasitic plants are the chief mode for transmission of the phytoplasmas. The parasitic plants have various modes of obtaining nutrition; however, the information about the mechanism(s) involved in the pathogen transmission by the parasitic plants is limited. The latest biotechnolgical advances, such as metagenomics and high througput sequencing, carry immense promise in understanding the host-parasitic plant-pathogen association in deeper details; and initiatives have indeed been taken. Nevertheless, compared to the other pests hindering crop productivity, parasitic plants have not yet been able to gain the needed attention of the plant scientists. In this chapter, we review and present some of the latest advances in the area of these important plant pests.

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“…Cowpeas are commonly attacked by Alectra vogelii (Benth) which is predominant in Africa, where yield reduction can reach 80 to 100 % on susceptible genotypes (CABI, 2017;Phiri et al, 2023). The parasitic weed associates with low soil fertility (Lambers and Oliveira, 2019) unreliable rainfall, and high temperatures (Zitta et al, 2014;Zagorchev et al, 2021). A successful attachment of host-parasite occurs only when the three conditions illustrated in Figure 1 interact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Seed Dormancy and Host Specificity of Alectra Vogelii in Malawi

Phiri,

Kabambe,

Bokosi

2023

Plant Prot.

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Parasitic angiosperm Alectra vogelii Benth is a growing problem in Malawi, particularly with the current emphasis on legume crops. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted in Lilongwe, Malawi to evaluate the effects of site, A. vogelii dormancy-breaking period on Mkanakaufiti and IT82E-16 cowpea varieties. Varieties of cowpea were grown in A. vogelii-infested pots sourced from three agroecological zones and subjected to varied dormancy-breaking periods. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated four times. The study revealed that dormancy breaking had impacts depending on the A. vogelii source. However, the Alectra source affected the A. vogelii shoot counts and cowpea grain weight. Neno-Manyenye collections had a higher incidence without induced dormancy breaking periods while Lilongwe-Kamowa, and Salima-Matumba collections had a high incidence after the dormancy-breaking period. Late infestation (at 119 to 149 days after planting) on resistant Mkanakaufiti cowpea variety by A. vogelii collections used indicated apparent strain variability of collections used. The results confirmed the delayed resistance mechanism of Mkanakaufiti against A. vogelii. Nevertheless, the variety reactions on the parasitic weed depends on suitability, compatibility, and specificity, although some resistant genotypes tend to lose the resistance mechanism with time. A. vogelii seeds organic carbon % varied (4.87±1.73 to 9.13±0.95) from the three agroecological zones which signified the collections’ variability due to warmer temperatures, relative humidity, and crop husbandry practices under long-term conditions. Therefore, screening efforts for resistance or evaluation of agronomic options to suppress the weed should be intensified.

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Biotic Influences: Parasitic Associations

Cited by 8 publications

References 83 publications

An Insight of Parasitic Weeds in Africa and Scientific Developments: A Review

An Insight of Parasitic Weeds in Africa and Scientific Developments: A Review

Parasitic Plants as Vectors for Pathogens

Unraveling Seed Dormancy and Host Specificity of Alectra Vogelii in Malawi

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