Biotic and abiotic factors affecting the genetic structure and diversity of butternut in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

Parks, Amanda; Jenkins, Michael A.; Ostry, Michael E.; Zhao, Peng; Woeste, Keith

doi:10.1007/s11295-014-0702-8

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Nair, Kostichka & J.E. Kuntz) Broders & Boland (Diaporthales: Gnomoniaceae), significant historical gene flow exists among butternut stands [27,28]. On the other hand, major shifts in population demography resulting from a rapid population decline can result in substantial loss of genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation [29,30].…”

Section: The Host Plant Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thousand Cankers Disease Complex: A Forest Health Issue that Threatens Juglans Species across the U.S.

Daniels

Nix

Wadl

et al. 2016

Forests

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Thousand Cankers Disease (TCD) is a disease complex wherein the fungus (Geosmithia morbida) is vectored by the walnut twig beetle (WTB, Pityophthorus juglandis). The disease causes mortality primarily of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra), although other walnut and wingnut (Pterocarya) species are also susceptible. Black walnut is native to the Eastern and Midwestern U.S. but is widely planted in western states. Total standing volume in both urban and forested settings is approximately 96 million cubic meters, and is valued at $539 billion. Although native to the Southwestern U.S., the range of WTB has expanded considerably. The spread of G. morbida coincides with that of WTB. TCD was introduced into Tennessee in 2010, and has spread to seven eastern states. Trees infected with TCD exhibit drought-like symptoms, making field detection difficult without molecular and/or morphological methods. The recently sequenced G. morbida genome will provide valuable research tools focused on understanding gene interactions between organisms involved in TCD and mechanisms of pathogenicity. With no chemical treatments available, quarantine and sanitation are preeminent options for slowing the spread of TCD, although biological control agents have been discovered. High levels of black walnut mortality due to TCD will have far-reaching implications for both eastern and western states.

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Section: The Host Plant Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thousand Cankers Disease Complex: A Forest Health Issue that Threatens Juglans Species across the U.S.

Daniels

Nix

Wadl

et al. 2016

Forests

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“…This population was also phenotyped and genotyped but due to its small size was of limited use. A random sample of 55 Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) butternuts (Parks et al 2014) was genotyped as an out-group for relatedness and population genetic analyses. (Table 1).…”

Section: Study Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Locations were recorded multiple times to avoid inaccurate estimates due to dense summer canopy. To capture as much variation as possible in disease symptoms, several assessments of disease severity were performed using previously established criteria (Ostry et al 1996;Parks et al 2014) at the same time as leaf sampling in SLOW and KMSF. Tree health was assessed by counting total number of cankers below breast height (1.5 m), number of cankers within 10 cm of the soil line (basal cankers), estimating the percentage of main sun-exposed crown limbs killed by cankers, and visually estimating the percentage of the trunk circumference girdled by cankers.…”

Section: Study Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two additional previously published markers (total n=21) were used to genotype individuals sampled in 2012 (Table A.2). PCR methods were as described in Parks et al (2014) for the 15 loci used in those studies. PCR conditions for the remaining six loci can be found in Table A.1.…”

Section: Phenotypic Data Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Molecular techniques offer a possible alternative to inoculation studies for the investigation of disease resistance in butternut. Butternut populations tend to have low levels of relatedness, but some genetic structure due to short seed dispersal distances and brief, rapid demographic increases under appropriate conditions (Hoban et al 2014;Parks et al 2014). Using marker-based techniques and genetic and phenotypic data collected in 2003 and 2012, we investigated the following questions: (1) Is disease resistance heritable in a wild population of butternut?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating heritability of disease resistance and factors that contribute to long-term survival in butternut (Juglans cinerea L.)

LaBonte

Ostry

Ross‐Davis

et al. 2015

Tree Genetics & Genomes

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For most wild species affected by exotic pests or pathogens, the relative importance of heritable genetic differences in determining apparent variation in disease resistance is unknown. This is true in particular for butternut, a North American hardwood affected by butternut canker disease and undergoing demographic contraction. Little is known about site effects on butternut decline, in part because long-term monitoring data are lacking. We collected detailed disease phenotypes and multilocus microsatellite genotypes for all surviving individuals in a large natural population of butternut in 2003 (n= 302) and 2012 (n=113). Two analytical methods, correlations between pairwise phenotypic similarity and pairwise relatedness, and estimation of among-family variance, both indicated weak heritability of disease-related traits and no heritability for overall tree health in the population. Additionally, an analysis of spatial data collected in 2001 (n=341) and 2012 (n=113) demonstrated that drier, upland sites contribute to increased likelihood of survival. We conclude that genetic differences among wild butternut individuals contributed little to observed variance in survival over 10 years but fine-scale site differences were useful predictors of butternut mortality.

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Regional patterns of declining butternut (Juglans cinereaL.) suggest site characteristics for restoration

Morin

Gottschalk

Ostry

et al. 2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Butternut trees dying from a canker disease were first reported in southwestern Wisconsin in 1967. Since then, the disease has caused extensive mortality of butternut throughout its North American range. The objectives of this study were to quantify changes in butternut populations and density across its range and identify habitat characteristics of sites where butternut is surviving in order to locate regions for potential butternut restoration. The natural range of butternut (Juglans cinerea L.) extends over a large region of eastern N. America encompassing New Brunswick south to North Carolina, north to Minnesota, and southwest to Missouri. Despite the species’ large range, it is typically not a common tree, comprising a relatively minor component of several different forest types. We evaluated change in butternut abundance and volume from current and historic data from 21 states in the eastern United States. We related abundance and volume at two time periods to a suite of ecological and site factors in order to characterize site conditions where butternut survived. We also assessed the current level of butternut mortality across its range. Since the 1980s, the number of butternut trees and butternut volume have decreased by 58% and 44%, respectively, across its US range. Substantial relative decreases in tree numbers and volume occurred in most ecoregion sections. Five environmental variables were found to be significant predictors of butternut presence. The potential impacts of butternut canker are particularly acute as the canker pathogen invasion pushes a rare tree species toward extinction, at least at a local scale. Based on the results presented here, large‐diameter maple/beech/birch stands in dry, upland sites in eastern Minnesota, western Wisconsin, and upstate New York appear to offer the most favorable conditions for butternut growth and survival and thus may be the best stands for planting resistant butternut trees.

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Biotic and abiotic factors affecting the genetic structure and diversity of butternut in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

Thousand Cankers Disease Complex: A Forest Health Issue that Threatens Juglans Species across the U.S.

Thousand Cankers Disease Complex: A Forest Health Issue that Threatens Juglans Species across the U.S.

Estimating heritability of disease resistance and factors that contribute to long-term survival in butternut (Juglans cinerea L.)

Regional patterns of declining butternut (Juglans cinereaL.) suggest site characteristics for restoration

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