“…Each protein type can be directly or indirectly involved in cellular response-regulatory pathways and/or Ca 2+ homeostasis. The main classes of Ca 2+ channels, transporters, and exchangers across animal phylogeny rely on mechanosensitive [e.g., transient receptor potential (TRP) compression and stretch receptors], ATP-dependent [e.g., sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic-reticulum (SERCA) and plasma-membrane ATPase (PMCA) Ca 2+ uptake/extrusion pumps), ion-gated (e.g., Ca 2+ /H + and Na + /Ca 2+ exchangers)], voltage-gated (e.g., L-, N-, P/Q-, R-, and T-type receptors), ligand-gated [e.g., inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ), ryanodine (Ry), and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDA)], and peptidergic porin (e.g., aquaporins) mechanisms (Clark, 2013b ; Clark and Eisenstein, 2013 ; Clark et al, 2013 ; Dolphin, 2006 ; Foskett et al, 2007 ). The majority of known selective or nonselective Ca 2+ channel, transporter, and exchanger systems are well identified and studied for a range of differentiated animal cell types, such as neurons and myocytes.…”