“…Emergence phenotypes in many insects result from differences in the duration of diapause or in degree‐day requirements to complete post‐diapause development (Waldbauer & Sternburg, ; Gage & Haynes, ; Cunningham et al , ; Weiss et al , ; Turnock & Boivin, ; Biron et al , , , ; Masaki, ; Fournet et al , ; Son et al , ) and may be controlled by both genetic (Morris & Fulton, ; Biron et al , ) and extrinsic factors (Kimura, ; Collier et al , ; Nakamura & Numata, ). Diapause durations for swede midge in the laboratory are highly variable; although most individuals require 100 days to complete diapause at 2–5 °C, some swede midges complete diapause in as little as 40 days (Readshaw, ).…”