Biotechnology for Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Wastewater Treatment: A Review

Surkatti, Riham; El‐Naas, Muftah H.; Loosdrecht, Mark C.M. van; Benamor, Abdelbaki; Al-Naemi, Fatima; Onwusogh, Udeogu

doi:10.3390/w12082126

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…Major industrial activities that generate wastewater and sludge include food processing, PPMs, tanning, and the textile industries, as well as GTL processes [18,20,52]. The latter have been the least studied as they are regionally limited to the very specific process of natural gas conversion into several liquid hydrocarbon products and subsequent wastewater generation and treatment [53]. Australia and Qatar are currently the major producing and exporting countries of liquefied natural gas (87.6 and 77.4 million metric tons per year, respectively) followed by the United States, which has an annual capacity of 73.9 million metric tons [54].…”

Section: Industrial Sludgementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Australia and Qatar are currently the major producing and exporting countries of liquefied natural gas (87.6 and 77.4 million metric tons per year, respectively) followed by the United States, which has an annual capacity of 73.9 million metric tons [54]. Gas-to-liquid wastewater is generally characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) content due to the presence of alcohol, ketones, and organic acids [53]. The final sun-dried GTL sludge is dark brown to black in color and has an earthy smell and a friable consistency.…”

Section: Industrial Sludgementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reuse of Sludge as Organic Soil Amendment: Insights into the Current Situation and Potential Challenges

et al. 2023

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Sludge generation as an organic by-product of wastewater treatment has seen a consistent increase worldwide due to population growth and industrial activities. This poses a chronic challenge regarding management options and environmental concerns. The agricultural valorization of unconventional organic materials has become inevitable, especially in semi-arid and arid countries that suffer from depleted soils and shortages in farm manure supply. High-income countries have also been interested in this recycling practice to mitigate landfilling or incineration issues. Sewage and some industrial sludges contain a complex mixture of beneficial and harmful substances, which varies with the origin of effluents. Therefore, sludge land application should be well managed in order to achieve sustainable agro-environmental goals. This review paper focuses on different aspects related to sludge reuse in agriculture, starting by investigating the diversity of sludge types and composition. In addition to the preponderant urban sewage sludge, the less-studied industrial sludges, such as those generated from pulp and paper mills or gas-to-liquid industries, are hereby addressed as well. Then, post-land application effects are discussed in relation to sludge quality, dose, and reuse conditions. The present paper also examines the disparities between guidelines that determine sludge conformity for land application in various countries or regions. Accordingly, special attention is given to increasing risks related to emerging pollutants in sludge such as pharmaceuticals, which have been overused since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. This exhaustive investigation will assist the establishment of sustainable strategies for the safe agricultural reuse of biosolids.

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Section: Industrial Sludgementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Industrial Sludgementioning

confidence: 99%

Reuse of Sludge as Organic Soil Amendment: Insights into the Current Situation and Potential Challenges

et al. 2023

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“…Recently, this catalytic process has become the major source of transportation fuel and has contributed tremendously to the global reduction of fossil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, especially in the transport sector [5]. However, the large amounts of liquid fuels produced by this gas-to-liquid process are accompanied by relatively higher volumes of toxic wastewater that is characterized by very high COD and TOC contents and low pH [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Physicochemical Parameters, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Variations in Biodegradation of N-Alkane Derivatives from Fischer–Tropsch Wastewater

Koloti,

Nkuna,

Matambo

2023

Water

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This study provides a theoretical baseline on the application of chemical and microbiological indicators as rapid system performance monitoring tools that will allow for timely corrective measures to maintain and improve the bioremediation performance of the Fischer–Tropsch wastewater (FTWW) treatment plants. Microorganisms isolated from the sediments and water samples collected from site 1 of Blesbokspruit wetland exhibited the highest biodegradation efficiency of up to 98.04% and 92.85%, respectively, in 96 h reaction time using batch culture media spiked with 300 ppm short chain n-alkane derivatives. The highest COD reduction rate was observed during the first 24 h of biodegradation, and it steadily declined thereafter. The decline in pH from 7.0 to 6.3 was observed in the 96 h reaction time and was attributed to the production of acidic secondary metabolites and the entrapment of the produced CO2 within the batch media. The ORP also declined from the aerobic zone to the anaerobic zone within 24 h (day 1) reaction time. The EC and TDS results were also indicative of the rate of consumption of essential nutrients during the biodegradation process, which could be related to biochemical reactions involved in biodegradation of n-alkane derivatives. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the prevalent phyla during the biodegradation of the n-alkane derivatives. Enterococcus and Escherichia genera were more dominant on most days of biodegradation, therefore, indicating that these genera were actively involved in the biodegradation process of the n-alkane derivatives. These genera displayed a positive correlation with EC, ORP, pH and TDS in the four days of biodegradation for batch cultures inoculated with microorganisms from the water and sediments samples collected from the Blesbokspruit wetland. The results obtained demonstrated that physicochemical and microbiological indices can be used to infer the biodegradation rates, patterns and system operations in FTWW bioremediation.

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“…Since F-T water contains volatile organics and light oxygenates such as carbonyl compounds and C 1 -C 3 alcohols which have boiling points less than that of water, they are typically treated using distillation or stripping columns. Therefore, the GTL wastewater treatment plant usually requires a pretreatment step such as stripping or distillation column to reduce the content of COD before the biological treatment process (Surkatti et al, 2020 ). The wastewater generated from the stripping/distillation column still contains large quantities of carboxylic acids and other oxygenates, which need to be treated biologically (Enyi et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of Organics-Degrading Bacteria From Gas-to-Liquid Process Water

Surkatti

Disi

El‐Naas

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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The gas-to-liquid (GTL) process generates considerable amounts of wastewater that are highly acidic and characterized by its high chemical oxygen demand (COD) content, due to the presence of several organic pollutants, such as alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and fatty acids. The presence of these organics in the process water may lead to adverse effect on the environment and aquatic life. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the COD content of GTL process water to an acceptable limit before discharging or reusing the treated water. Due to several advantages, biological treatment is often utilized as the main step in GTL process water treatment plants. In order to have a successful biotreatment process, it is required to choose effective and suitable bacterial strains that have the ability to degrade the organic pollutants in GTL process water. In this work, bacterial strains were isolated from the GTL process water, identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and then used in the biodegradation process. The detailed identification of the strains confirmed the presence of three organics-degrading bacteria identified as Alcaligenes faecalis, Stenotrophomonas sp., and Ochrobactrum sp. Furthermore, biodegradation experiments were carried out and confirmed that the pure culture as well as the mixed culture consortium of the bacterial strains has the ability to reduce the organic pollutants in GTL process water. However, the growth rate and biodegradation efficiency depend on the type of strains and the initial COD content. Indeed, the removal percentage and growth rate were enhanced after 7 days for all cultures and resulted in COD reduction up to 60%. Moreover, the mixed culture of bacterial strains can tolerate and treat GTL process water with a variety of ranges of COD contents.

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Biotechnology for Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Wastewater Treatment: A Review

Cited by 12 publications

References 118 publications

Reuse of Sludge as Organic Soil Amendment: Insights into the Current Situation and Potential Challenges

Reuse of Sludge as Organic Soil Amendment: Insights into the Current Situation and Potential Challenges

Insights into the Physicochemical Parameters, Microbial Community Structure, and Functional Variations in Biodegradation of N-Alkane Derivatives from Fischer–Tropsch Wastewater

Isolation and Identification of Organics-Degrading Bacteria From Gas-to-Liquid Process Water

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