Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Applications of Bacillus Nattokinase

Abstract

Thrombosis has threatened human health in past decades. Bacillus nattokinase is a potential low-cost thrombolytic drug without side-effects and has been introduced into the consumer market as a functional food or dietary supplement. This review firstly summarizes the biodiversity of sources and the fermentation process of nattokinase, and systematically elucidates the structure, catalytic mechanism and enzymatic properties of nattokinase. In view of the problems of low fermentation yield, insufficient activity and stability of nattokinase, this review discusses the heterologous expression of nattokinase in different microbial hosts and summarizes the protein and genetic engineering progress of nattokinase-producing strains. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical applications of nattokinase.

Biological functions of compounds from Bacillus subtilis and its subspecies, Bacillus subtilis natto

“…Therefore, it seems that the beneficial health functions of natto that have been reported in the past are largely due to the components produced by B. subtilis natto (Chan et al, 2021;Kozioł-Kozakowska & Maresz, 2022;Wang, Gao, et al, 2020;Y. Yang et al, 2021;L. Yuan et al, 2022).…”

“…The compounds produced by B. subtilis natto are contained in the finally produced natto. Therefore, it seems that the beneficial health functions of natto that have been reported in the past are largely due to the components produced by B. subtilis natto (Chan et al, 2021; Kozioł‐Kozakowska & Maresz, 2022; Wang, Gao, et al, 2020; Y. Yang et al, 2021; L. Yuan et al, 2022). On the other hand, several reports have focused on compounds contained not in B. subtilis natto but in natto as a whole.…”

“…Among these, natto, produced by fermentation of soybeans by “ Bacillus subtilis natto (a subspecies of Bacillus subtilis ),” has been consumed in Japan as a traditional fermented food for at least a thousand years (Akbulut et al, 2020). Natto is attracting interest as a potential functional food for health, and has been reported to exhibit antithrombotic, antihypertensive, antiosteoporotic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiobesity, LDL‐lowering, and cholesterol‐lowering activities (Chan et al, 2021; Kozioł‐Kozakowska & Maresz, 2022; P. Wang, Gao, et al, 2020; Y. Yang et al, 2021; L. Yuan et al, 2022). Recently, development of new products of natto for the human health function has been under consideration (Chakrabarti et al, 2018; Shimakage et al, 2012).…”

Effect of immobilized hyaluronidase and subtilisin enzymes on the ultrastructure of human conjunctival epithelial cells

“…На нативные гликозированные белки субтилизины оказывают минимальное гидролитическое действие. В настоящее время субтилизины используются преимущественно как антитромботические и вазопротекторные лекарственные средства [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. В России зарегистрированы две формы лекарственного препарата «Тромбовазим ® » (АО «СЦФБ») на основе субтилизинов: инъекционная (в качестве тромболитика для лечения острого инфаркта миокарда) и энтеральная (для лечения тяжелой венозной патологии, включая тромбозы).…”

Characterization of a Nattokinase from the Newly Isolated Bile Salt-Resistant Bacillus mojavensis LY-06

“…Escherichia coli is the most widely studied host for nattokinase expression. However, the recombinant nattokinase expressed in Escherichia coli exhibits problems such as low enzymatic activity and less soluble expression, and the comparative study of enzymatic properties compared with the natural nattokinase synthesized by Bacillus is lacking [ 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”