Biotechnological Strategies for Chitosan Production by Mucoralean Strains and Dimorphism Using Renewable Substrates

Abstract

We investigated the influence of corn steep liquor (CSL) and cassava waste water (CWW) as carbon and nitrogen sources on the morphology and production of biomass and chitosan by Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262 and Lichtheimia hyalospora UCP 1266. The highest biomass yields of 4.832 g/L (M. subtilissimus UCP 1262) and 6.345 g/L (L. hyalospora UCP 1266) were produced in assay 2 (6% CSL and 4% CWW), factorial design 22, and also favored higher chitosan production (32.471 mg/g) for M. subtilissimus. The highest chitosan production (44.91 mg/g) by L. hyalospora (UCP 1266) was obtained at the central point (4% of CWW and 6% of CSL). The statistical analysis, the higher concentration of CSL, and lower concentration of CWW significantly contributed to the growth of the strains. The FTIR bands confirmed the deacetylation degree of 80.29% and 83.61% of the chitosan produced by M. subtilissimus (UCP 1262) and L. hyalospora (UCP 1266), respectively. M. subtilissimus (UCP 1262) showed dimorphism in assay 4–6% CSL and 8% CWW and central point. L. hyalospora (UCP 1266) was optimized using a central composite rotational design, and the highest yield of chitosan (63.18 mg/g) was obtained in medium containing 8.82% CSL and 7% CWW. The experimental data suggest that the use of CSL and CWW is a promising association to chitosan production.

Chitosan Production by Fungi: Current State of Knowledge, Future Opportunities and Constraints

“…With regard to their origin, these wastes derived from crop residues [118], corn wetmilling operations [119] or were byproducts of the dairy industry [77,78], sugar manufacturing [56,70,81,120], fruit juice industry [64,65] or distilleries [121,122]. In several cases, the liquid medium was derived from a solid substrate either by acid hydrolysis, such as for corn straw [118], or via its aqueous extraction, such as in the case of apple pomace [64,86] and date syrups [28].…”

“…Recent estimates es-tablished that the processing of 1 ton of tubers generates around 60 m 3 of effluent [125]. Several studies shared the combination of CWW with corn steep liquor, a byproduct of corn wet-milling, frequently used as a low-cost nitrogen source [54,63,119]. Among these studies, the best process performance was obtained with Lichtheimia hyalospora UCP1266 yielding CVP and r P values amounting to 0.75 g L −1 and 4.56 mg L −1 h −1 [119].…”

Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives as Potential Antiviral Molecules

“…It is obtained by the deacetylation of chitin found in crustacean shells. Chitosan is mainly used in biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture [128][129][130]. Some studies have reported that chitosan can induce resistance to viral infections in plants, inhibit viral infections in animal cells, and prevent phage infection in microbial cultures [62].…”

“…Polysaccharides that are naturally sulfated, such as heparin, chondroitin sulfate, carrageenan, and ulvans, have strong antiviral activity. Polysaccharides chemically modified with sulfate or sulfonate groups have a strong activity concerning blocking herpes simplex virus infections [129]. Some natural polysaccharides have shown good antiviral activity after sulfation.…”

Inherent safety Analysis and Sustainability Evaluation of Chitosan Production from Shrimp Exoskeleton in Colombia

“…Chitosan is a natural bioactive polymer that supports the structural components of the living organism, for example, crustaceans, insects, fungi, and some algae [1]. This biopolymer is considered one of the most important in the market, due to its inherent properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, absorption capacity, and antimicrobial activity [2]. Also, is known as a bioactive compound with biological anti-tumor, immune-enhancing, antifungal, antioxidant, and wound healing properties [3].…”