Biotechnological Applications

Zeman, Leos J.; Zydney, Andrew L.

doi:10.1201/9780203747223-18

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Membrane processes are diverse in that the kind of (semipermeable) membrane used can be tuned based on the target contaminant from which the water is to be removed. These processes include microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis (RO), and forward osmosis (FO), and they are distinct primarily in the pore sizes of the corresponding membrane. ,− During operation, water is driven across a membrane by an input of mechanical work (or by a gradient in osmotic pressure in the case of FO) to retain the contaminants in a concentrated brine. Like distillation, solar desalination is said to have been employed by humans for thousands of years, originally by Greek mariners and Persian alchemists. , The basis of this technology is not distinct from distillation or membrane processes; it is simply a means to generate the energy that these methods require: that is, heat for distillation or electricity for membrane processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion

et al. 2022

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Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion

et al. 2022

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“…Therefore, the membranes prepared by VIPS are widely used for different applications. Porous membranes are used in water filtration [176,177,178,179,180,181,182], while dense membranes are usually applied in gas separation [183,184,185]. PVDF membranes are also used for proteins adsorption [186], while PS membranes could be efficiently used in membrane distillation [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Porous Polymeric Membrane Preparation. Part I: Production Techniques with Polysulfone and Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride)

2019

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Porous polymeric membranes have emerged as the core technology in the field of separation. But some challenges remain for several methods used for membrane fabrication, suggesting the need for a critical review of the literature. We present here an overview on porous polymeric membrane preparation and characterization for two commonly used polymers: polysulfone and poly (vinylidene fluoride). Five different methods for membrane fabrication are introduced: non-solvent induced phase separation, vapor-induced phase separation, electrospinning, track etching and sintering. The key factors of each method are discussed, including the solvent and non-solvent system type and composition, the polymer solution composition and concentration, the processing parameters, and the ambient conditions. To evaluate these methods, a brief description on membrane characterization is given related to morphology and performance. One objective of this review is to present the basics for selecting an appropriate method and membrane fabrication systems with appropriate processing conditions to produce membranes with the desired morphology, performance and stability, as well as to select the best methods to determine these properties.

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“…Among these issues, the permeability–selectivity trade-off is paramount because it dictates the nature of the solutes that can be resolved and has direct implications on the process systems that are designed around a membrane . For NF and UF membranes (pore diameters: 2–100 nm), the permeability–selectivity trade-offs arise due to the relationship between the membrane nanostructures and the size-selective transport mechanisms underlying their separation capabilities. , As a result of these interrelationships, increases in permeability often result in a reduction in selectivity and vice versa . Membrane throughput can be increased without sacrificing selectivity by fabricating membranes from materials that assemble into nanostructures with a high density of pores and a narrow pore size distribution (e.g., liquid crystals, block polymers, membrane proteins, and surfactants) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Integrated Membrane Systems

Hoffman

Phillip

2020

ACS Macro Lett.

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Membranes fabricated from self-assembled materials are one recent example of how polymer science has been leveraged to advance membrane technology. Due to their welldefined nanostructures, the performance of membranes made from these materials is pushing the boundaries of size-selective filtration. Still, there remains a need for higher performance and more selective membranes. The advent of functional membrane platforms that rely on mechanisms beyond steric hindrance (e.g., charge-selective membranes and membrane sorbents) is one approach to realize improved solute−solute selectivity and further advance membrane technology. To date, the lab-scale demonstration of these platforms has often relied on fabrication schemes that require extended processing times. However, in order to translate lab-scale demonstrations to larger-scale implementation, it is critical that the rate of the functionalization scheme is reconciled with membrane manufacturing rates. In this viewpoint, it is postulated that substrates lined by reactive moieties that are amenable to postfabrication modification would enable the production of membranes with controlled nanostructures while providing access to a diverse array of pore wall chemistries. A comparison of reaction and manufacturing rates suggests that mechanisms that exhibit second-order reaction rate constants of at least 1 M −1 s −1 are needed for roll-to-roll processing. Furthermore, for mechanisms that exhibit rate constants greater than 300 M −1 s −1 , it may be possible to integrate multiple functional domains over the membrane surface such that useful properties emerge. These multifunctional systems can expand the capabilities of membranes when the patterned chemistries interact at the heterojunctions between domains (e.g., Janus and charge-patterned mosaic membranes) or if they exhibit cooperative responses to external operating conditions (e.g., membrane pumps).

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Biotechnological Applications

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion

Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion

A Review on Porous Polymeric Membrane Preparation. Part I: Production Techniques with Polysulfone and Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride)

100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Integrated Membrane Systems

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