Biota−Sediment Accumulation Factors for Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and Dibenzofurans in Southern Lake Michigan Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Abstract

A set of high-quality, age-specific biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have been determined from concentrations measured with high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry, by use of the 13C isotopic dilution technique, in lake trout and surficial (0-2 cm) sediment samples from southern Lake Michigan. BSAFs ranged from <0.1 to 18 for PCBs and from <0.001 to 0.32 for PCDDs and PCDFs detected in the fish. PCBs with zero or one chlorine in an ortho position had smaller BSAFs than other PCBs. PCDDs and PCDFs with chlorines at the 2,3,7,8-positions had larger BSAFs than most other PCDDs and PCDFs. The fidelity of the relative bioaccumulation potential data between independent lake trout samples, within and among age classes, suggests that differences in slight rates of net metabolism in the food chain are important and contribute to the apparent differences in BSAFs, not only for PCDDs and PCDFs but also possibly for some PCBs. A complicating factor for non-ortho- and mono-ortho-PCBs is the uncertain contribution of enhanced affinity for black carbon (and possibly volatility) acting in concert with metabolism to reduce measured BSAFs for lake trout. On the basis of the association between chemicals with apparent slight rates of metabolism and measured dioxin-like toxicity, several PCDFs with similar measured BSAFs but unknown toxicity may be candidates for toxicity testing.

Biota-sediment accumulation factors for Dechlorane Plus in bottom fish from an electronic waste recycling site, South China

“…Our BSAFs are consistent with those reported in grass shrimp, striped mullet, and sea trout from coastal Georgia, USA, which showed mean BSAFs of 0.28-2.1, 0.18-2.4, and 0.14-1.5 for CBs 199, 207, and 208, respectively (Maruya and Lee, 1998). The BSAFs calculated in northern snakehead in the present study are also similar to those (1.68-3.0) determined in 2-3 years age lake trout from southern Lake Michigan, but are about 2 times lower than the BSAFs (2.58-5.28) computed in 4-9 years age lake trout (Burkhard et al, 2004). The body length of our northern snakehead ranged 14.1 to 16.7 cm (Table 1), corresponding to 1-2 years age (Yu et al, 2008).…”

“…The strong correlations between K OW s and BSAFs indicate that hydrophobicity is a key factor conditioning the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the present fishes. The negative correlations between BSAFs and log K OW s have been also found for very hydrophobic chemicals, e.g., PCBs with log K OW s exceeding seven, due to the decreased bioavailability of these chemicals from water, as well as growth dilution and/or biodegradation by the organism (Burkhard et al, 2004;Wu et al, 2008). …”

“…Both fish species showed very low BSAFs for total DP, with average values of 0.004, 0.025, and 0.003 in crucian carp, mud carp, and northern snakehead, respectively. According to the equilibrium partitioning theory, when in conditions of equilibrium and no metabolism of the chemical, the BSAF for the hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) is equal to the partitioning relationship of the chemical between organic carbon in the sediment and lipids of the organism, that is, the BSAFs should be 1-2 (Burkhard et al, 2004). The low BSAFs for DP isomers in the present fish indicated that DP may be in nonequilibrium conditions between sediment and fish.…”

“…The low BSAFs for DP isomers in the present fish indicated that DP may be in nonequilibrium conditions between sediment and fish. This is reasonable for fish because wide ranges of factors including sediment-water column chemical disequilibrium, chemical bioavailability, and dietary uptake efficiencies would influence the concentrations of HOCs between sediment and fish (Burkhard et al, 2004;Wong et al, 2011). Another explanation for the low BSAFs is that chemical metabolism within the investigated bottom fish and/or their underlying food web may occur.…”

“…Bioaccumulation of HOCs is driven by the hydrophobicity of the chemicals. For HOCs without metabolism, the bioaccumulation potential increases with increasing K OW , but subsequently declines at certain K OW value (e.g., log K OW = 7 for PCBs) (Burkhard et al, 2004). Thus, the smaller BSAFs for DP and BDE 209 were partly attributed to the greater K OW s of these chemicals (the log K OW s are 9.3 and 9.7 for DP and BDE 209, respectively) OxyChem, 2010) compared to those of the investigated PCBs (log K OW of 7.2-7.74) (Hawker and Connell, 1988).…”