Biosynthesis, Structure, and Biological Action of the Lipids of the Tubercle Bacillus

Lederer, E.

doi:10.1002/anie.196403931

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In addition, certain growth inhibitors such as isoniazid have been shown to cause an increase in the amount of trehalose in the cells (22). Since trehalose is also found in cell wall material (14), the synthesis and dephosphorylation of trehalose phosphate may also play an important role in growth of these organisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Purification and Properties of a Highly Specific Trehalose Phosphate Phosphatase from Mycobacterium smegmatis

Matula¹,

Mitchell²,

Elbein³

1971

J Bacteriol

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A specific trehalose phosphate phosphatase was purified approximately 50-fold from Mycobacterium smegmatis. The enzyme had a pH optimum of about 7.0 and was stimulated by Mg2+. The optimum concentration of Mg2+ was about 1.5 x 10-3 M. Of other divalent cations tested, only Co2+ showed some activity. The Km for trehalose phosphate was found to be about 1.5 x 10-3 M. The enzyme showed slight activity toward mannose-6-P and fructose-6-P but was inactive on a large number of other phosphorylated compounds. Citrate was a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme both with respect to trehalose phosphate concentration and Mg2+ concentration. This inhibition appears to be due to chelation of Mg2+ by this compound. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and NaF were also inhibitors of the enzyme, but these inhibitions were noncompetitive. buffer (pH 7.0) and subjected to sonic oscillation with a

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the major blood sugar in many insects and appears to serve as a reserve food material in a number of organisms (2). In addition, in mycobacteria trehalose also has a structural role and appears to be an important cell wall component (14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Partial Purification and Properties of a Highly Specific Trehalose Phosphate Phosphatase from Mycobacterium smegmatis

Matula¹,

Mitchell²,

Elbein³

1971

J Bacteriol

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“…It is known that trehalose serves as a structural component in mycobacteria. For example, cord factor is trehalose-6,6'-dimycolate (16), and some mycobacteria also produce other compounds containing trehalose (9). Thus, the major function of this disaccharide may be for structural purposes.…”

Section: Elbein and Mitchellmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, mycobacteria contain both trehalose and glycogen under most growth conditions. Since trehalose is found in various structural components such as the cord factors of mycobacteria (16), it is not certain whether it also is a reserve energy material or is strictly utilized in a structural capacity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Levels of Glycogen and Trehalose in Mycobacterium smegmatis and the Purification and Properties of the Glycogen Synthetase

Elbein¹,

Mitchell²

1973

J Bacteriol

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The levels of glycogen, free trehalose, and lipid-bound trehalose were compared in Mycobacterium smegmatis grown under various conditions of nitrogen limitation. In a mineral salts medium supplemented with yeast extract and containing fructose as the carbon source, the accumulation of glycogen increased dramatically as the NH 4 Cl content of the medium was lowered. However, levels of free trehalose remained relatively constant. Cells were grown in low nitrogen medium and were then shifted to medium containing high nitrogen. Under these conditions, there was a rapid accumulation of glycogen in low nitrogen, and this glycogen was rapidly depleted when cells were placed in high nitrogen medium. Again the concentration of free trehalose remained fairly constant. However, when cells were grown in low nitrogen medium with [ 14 C]fructose and then transferred to high nitrogen medium with unlabeled fructose, the specific radioactivity (counts per minute per micromole) of the free trehalose fell immediately, indicating that it was being synthesized and turned over continually. On the other hand, the specific radioactivity of the glycogen and bound trehalose declined much more slowly, suggesting that these two compounds were not turning over as rapidly or were being synthesized at a much slower rate. Experiments on the incorporation of [ 14 C]fructose into glycogen and trehalose indicated that cells in high nitrogen medium synthesized much less glycogen than those in low nitrogen. However, synthesis of both free trehalose and bound trehalose was the same in both cases. The specific enzymatic activities of the glycogen synthetase and the trehalose phosphate synthetase varied somewhat from one growth condition to another, but there was no correlation between enzymatic activity and the amount of glycogen or trehalose, suggesting that changes in glycogen levels were not due to increased synthetic capacity. The glycogen synthetase was purified about 35-fold and its properties were examined. This enzyme was specific for adenosine diphosphate glucose as the glucosyl donor.

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“…Trehalose has been found in many organisms including yeast, fungi, bacteria, plants, and insects (where in some cases it replaces glucose as the major blood sugar (Candy 1980). The functions of trehalose in these organisms range from a structural one, such as in the cord factors of mycobacteria (Lederer 1964) to an energy reserve substance in yeast, fungi, and insects (Elbein 1974). Another widely distributed carbohydrate energy reserve found in animals and bacteria is glycogen, the occurrence of which was observed in Frankia by BenCan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of trehalose and glycogen in Frankia sp. HFPArI3 (Actinomycetales)

Lopez¹,

Fontaine²,

Torrey³

1984

Can. J. Microbiol.

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1984. Levels of trehalose and glycogen in Frankia sp. HFPArI3 (Actinomycetales). Can. J. Microbiol. 30: 746-752.The levels of soluble trehalose were compared in Frankia sp. Ar13 under various conditions in batch culture. Trehalose appears to be a specialized carbon reserve which is synthesized upon transfer of cultures to fresh medium; thereafter it is metabolized and broken down. Levels reach a peak of 10-20% cell dry weight depending on cultural conditions, then drop to a minimum of 1-2% cell dry weight. A similar pattern is observed whether cells are grown in a medium containing NKCl or in a medium lacking nitrogen substrates; however, the total levels of trehalose are higher in the latter. The levels of endogenous trehalose showed an inverse correlation with a sharp increase in nitrogenase activity. When cells were inoculated into a medium lacking nitrogen to induce fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, trehalose levels reached their peak in 4 days. The nitrogenase activity (measured with the acetylene reduction technique) increased sharply on the 4th to 5th day. Trehalose levels fell sharply from day 4 to day 5; when they fell to half their maximum, nitrogenase activity decreased sharply. Thereafter, the decline in trehalose concentration paralleled that of nitrogenase activity. When cells were washed free of exogenous carbon, the endogenous trehalose levels dropped to half the initial value in 1 h. The cells continued to respire for 2 days on endogenous reserves. In addition to trehalose, glycogen reserves were extracted from Frankia. At its maximum, the glycogen totalled approximately 10% of the dry weight of cultures grown on a medium supplemented with NH4CI as exogenous nitrogen source, and decreased to ca. 1 .O% dry weight in starved cultures. Glycogen did not accumulate significantly in cultures that were induced to fix nitrogen. LOPEZ, M. F., M. S. FONTAINE et J. G. TORREY. 1984. Levels of trehalose and glycogen in Frankia sp. HFPArl3(Actinomycetales). Can. J. Microbiol. 30: 746-752. Les niveaux de trChalose soluble ont Ct C cornparks sous diverses conditions de culture en masse chez Frankia sp. Ar13. Le trChalose semble &tre une reserve spCcialisCe de-carbone, qui est synthCtisC lors du transfert des cultures en milieu-frais; il est par la suite mCtabolisC et biodegrade. Les niveaux obtenus atteignent un maximum de 10 a 20% du poids sec des cellules, dCpendant des conditions de culture, puis descendent a un minimum de 1 a 2% du poids sec des cellules. Un modkle comparable est observe lorsque les cellules sont cultivCes dans un milieu contenant du NH4CI ou dans un milieu contenant des substrats sans azote; cependant, les niveaux totaux de trkhalose sont plus ClevCs dans le dernier cas. Les niveaux de trChalose endogkne manifestent une correlation contraire avec une augmentation marquee de 1'activitC nitrogknase. Lorsque les cellules sont inoculCes dans un milieu sans azote afin d'induire la fixation d'azote atmosphCrique, les niveaux de trChalose ont atteint un maximum de 4 jours. L'activitC nitrogknase (...

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Biosynthesis, Structure, and Biological Action of the Lipids of the Tubercle Bacillus

Cited by 15 publications

References 46 publications

Partial Purification and Properties of a Highly Specific Trehalose Phosphate Phosphatase from Mycobacterium smegmatis

Partial Purification and Properties of a Highly Specific Trehalose Phosphate Phosphatase from Mycobacterium smegmatis

Levels of Glycogen and Trehalose in Mycobacterium smegmatis and the Purification and Properties of the Glycogen Synthetase

Levels of trehalose and glycogen in Frankia sp. HFPArI3 (Actinomycetales)

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