Biosynthesis of the Bacterial Envelope Polymers Teichoic Acid and Teichuronic Acid

Hancock, I.C.; Baddiley, J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2355-6_8

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…As established in the 1980s, cell wall polysaccharides of Gram-positive organisms can be classified on the basis of their structural characteristics into three distinct groups: (i) teichoic acids (Archibald et al, 1968(Archibald et al, , 1993, (ii) teichuronic acids (Hancock & Baddiley, 1985;Ward, 1981), and (iii) other neutral or acidic polysaccharides which cannot be assigned to the two former groups (Araki & Ito, 1989;Naumova & Shashkov, 1997). As all these compounds have long been attributed a secondary role in cell wall function, they have been termed 'secondary' cell wall polymers (SCWPs).…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pyruvic and succinic acid), or sulphate. While the overall structure of the different types of teichoic acids is well documented (Archibald et al, 1993;Fischer, 1988;Hancock & Baddiley, 1985;Munson & Glaser, 1981), the structural features of teichuronic acids are less well understood and only a few have been subjected to full chemical analyses (Munson & Glaser, 1981;Ward, 1981). These anionic polymers account for 10-60 % (by weight) of the bacterial cell wall, with the relative amount depending on the culture conditions (Archibald et al, 1993;Ellwood & Tempest, 1969;Rogers et al, 1980).…”

Section: Scwps Of Gram-positive Bacteria -A Brief Retrospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the exact biological function (or functions) of these negatively charged SCWPs is not fully understood, several general functions have been attributed to them. These include (i) binding of divalent cations, (ii) role in the balance of metal ions for membrane functionality, (iii) binding of proteins, (iv) role in folding of extracellular metallo-proteins, (v) providing a source of phosphate under phosphate starvation conditions, (vi) interaction with cell wall lytic enzymes, and (vii) formation of a barrier to prevent diffusion of nutrients and metabolites (Archibald et al, 1993;Baddiley, 1972;Fischer, 1994;Hancock & Baddiley, 1985;Munson & Glaser, 1981;Navarre & Schneewind, 1999).…”

Section: Scwps Of Gram-positive Bacteria -A Brief Retrospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Gram-positive bacteria stick their cell walls together

2005

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The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has been a subject of detailed chemical study over the past five decades. Outside the cytoplasmic membrane of these organisms the fundamental polymer is peptidoglycan (PG), which is responsible for the maintenance of cell shape and osmotic stability. In addition, typical essential cell wall polymers such as teichoic or teichuronic acids are linked to some of the peptidoglycan chains. In this review these compounds are considered as ‘classical’ cell wall polymers. In the course of recent investigations of bacterial cell surface layers (S-layers) a different class of ‘non-classical’ secondary cell wall polymers (SCWPs) has been identified, which is involved in anchoring of S-layers to the bacterial cell surface. Comparative analyses have shown considerable differences in chemical composition, overall structure and charge behaviour of these SCWPs. This review discusses the progress that has been made in understanding the structural principles of SCWPs, which may have useful applications in S-layer-based ‘supramolecular construction kits' in nanobiotechnology.

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Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scwps Of Gram-positive Bacteria -A Brief Retrospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scwps Of Gram-positive Bacteria -A Brief Retrospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Gram-positive bacteria stick their cell walls together

2005

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“…then be attached to LU, either from lipoteichoic acid carrier (LTC) or by direct transfer of ribitol phosphate residues from CDP-ribitol [2]. The observation that small amounts of mannosamine were found in the cell walls of several strains of Bacillus species [S], led Ito and his co-workers to the isolation of a disaccharide, ManNAc(j?l+4)GlcNAc, linking the glycerol teichoic acids of B. cereus, B. suhtilis and B. lichenformis to peptidoglycan [9, 101.…”

Section: Qwmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under appropriate conditions, low levels of this enzyme were sufficient to convert UDP-GlcNAc into a mixture of UDP-Glc-NAc and UDP-ManNAc and account for LU Structural studies on the ribitol teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus H and Bacillus subtilis W23 and the poly-(GlcNAc-1-phosphate) of Micrococcus varians showed that these polymers are covalently attached to the muramic acid of peptidoglycan through a common linkage of (Gro-P),-GlcNAc-1-P [l]. The biosynthesis of teichoic acid and its linkage unit (LU) has been recently reviewed [2]. LU is synthesised from the precursors, UDP-GlcNAc and CDPglycerol, through a series of polyisoprenol pyrophosphate intermediates which have been isolated and characterised [3 -71.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis of wall tiechoic acids in Staphylococcus aureus H, Micrococcus varians and Bacillus subtilis W23

Harrington

Baddiley

1985

European Journal of Biochemistry

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The precursors for linkage unit (LU) synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus H were UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-Nacetylmannosamine (ManNAc) and CDP-glycerol and synthesis was stimulated by ATP. Moraprenol-PPGlcNAc-ManNAc-(glycerol phosphate) -was formed from chemically synthesised nioraprenol-PP-GlcNAc, UDP-ManNAc and CDP-glycerol in the presence of Triton X-100. LU intermediates formed under both conditions served as acceptors for ribitol phosphate residues, from CDP-ribitol, which comprise the main chain. The initial transfer of GlcNAc-I-phosphate from UDP-GlcNAc was very sensitive to tunicamycin whereas the subsequent transfer of ManNAc from UDP-ManNAc was not.Poly(G1cNAc-I -phosphate) and LU synthesis in Micrococcus varians, with endogenous lipid acceptor, UDPGlcNAc and CDP-glycerol, was stimulated by UDP-ManNAc. Synthesis of LU on exogenous moraprenol-PPGlcNAc, with Triton X-100, was dependent on UDP-ManNAc and CDP-glycerol and the intermediates formed served as substrates for polymer synthesis. Membranes from Bacillus subtilis W23 had much lower levels of LU synthesis, but UDP-ManNAc was again required for optimal synthesis in the presence of UDP-GlcNAc and CDPglycerol. Conditions for LU synthesis on exogenous moraprenol-PP-GlcNAc were not found in this organism.LU synthesis on endogenous acceptor in the absence of UDP-ManNAc was explained by contamination of membranes with UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase. Under appropriate conditions, low levels of this enzyme were sufficient to convert UDP-GlcNAc into a mixture of UDP-Glc-NAc and UDP-ManNAc and account for LU Structural studies on the ribitol teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus H and Bacillus subtilis W23 and the poly-(GlcNAc-1-phosphate) of Micrococcus varians showed that these polymers are covalently attached to the muramic acid of peptidoglycan through a common linkage of (Gro-P),-GlcNAc-1-P [l]. The biosynthesis of teichoic acid and its linkage unit (LU) has been recently reviewed [2]. LU is synthesised from the precursors, UDP-GlcNAc and CDPglycerol, through a series of polyisoprenol pyrophosphate intermediates which have been isolated and characterised [3 -71. In S. uureus membranes, poly(ribito1 phosphate) may

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In silico analysis of AHJD ‐like viruses, Staphylococcus aureus phages S24‐1 and S13′, and study of phage S24‐1 adsorption

et al. 2014

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Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important bacterium that is commensal in both humans and animals. Bacteriophage (phage) attachment to the host bacterial surface is an important process during phage infection, which involves interactions between phage receptor-binding proteins and host receptor molecules. However, little information is available on the receptor-binding protein of S. aureus phages. S. aureus virulent phages S24-1 and S13′ (family Podoviridae, genus AHJD-like viruses) were isolated from sewage. In the present study, we investigated the receptor-binding protein of AHJD-like viruses using phage S24-1. First, based on a comparative genomic analysis of phages S24-1 and S13′, open reading frame 16 (ORF16) of phage S24-1 was speculated to be the receptor-binding protein, which possibly determines the host range. Second, we demonstrated that this was the receptor-binding protein of phage S24-1. Third, our study suggested that wall teichoic acids in the cell walls of S. aureus are the main receptor molecules for ORF16 and phage S24-1. Finally, the C-terminal region of ORF16 may be essential for binding to S. aureus. These results strongly suggest that ORF16 of phage S24-1 and its homologs may be the receptor-binding proteins of AHJD-like viruses.

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Biosynthesis of the Bacterial Envelope Polymers Teichoic Acid and Teichuronic Acid

Cited by 20 publications

References 106 publications

The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Gram-positive bacteria stick their cell walls together

The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how Gram-positive bacteria stick their cell walls together

Biosynthesis of wall tiechoic acids in Staphylococcus aureus H, Micrococcus varians and Bacillus subtilis W23

In silico analysis of AHJD ‐like viruses, Staphylococcus aureus phages S24‐1 and S13′, and study of phage S24‐1 adsorption

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