Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Protium serratum and Investigation of their Potential Impacts on Food Safety and Control

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles play an integral part in the evolution of new antimicrobials against the broad ranges of pathogenic microorganisms. Recently, biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts has been successfully consummated. In the present study, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was conducted using the leaf extract of plant Protium serratum, having novel ethnomedicinal. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy. The DLS study revealed the surface charge of the resulted nanoparticles that was highly negative, i.e., −25.0 ± 7.84 mV and the size was 74.56 ± 0.46 nm. The phytochemical and FTIR analysis confirmed the role of water-soluble phyto-compounds for the reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. The potential antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied against the food borne pathogens viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IC50 = 74.26 ± 0.14 μg/ml), Escherichia coli (IC50 = 84.28 ± 0.36 μg/ml), Bacillus subtilis (IC50 = 94.43 ± 0.4236 μg/ml). The in vitro antioxidant potential of AgNPs was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (IC50 = 6.78 ± 0.15 μg/ml) and hydroxyl radical assay (IC50 = 89.58 ± 1.15 μg/ml). In addition, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was performed against fibroblast cell line L-929 to evaluate their biocompatibility. The overall results of the present investigation displayed the potential use of P. serratum leaf extract as a good bio-resource for the biosynthesis of AgNPs and their implementation in diverse applications, specifically as antibacterial agent in food packaging and preservation to combat against various food borne pathogenic bacteria along with its pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesizing Bacteria and Its Possible Use in Treatment of Multi Drug Resistant Isolate

“…Whereas, when the culture supernatant is treated with aqueous solution of silver nitrate, then it forms silver nanoparticles extracellularly [10]. In the recent past, silver nanoparticles have gainedattention of researchers worldwide due to their potential antimicrobial activities [8,[11][12][13]. The properties of silver nanoparticles have made them applicable in severalareassuch as biomedical, drug delivery, water treatment, agricultures, etc.…”

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“…As shown in Table 1 [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], the antimicrobial effect of the green silver nanoparticles, mainly their antibacterial [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and antifungal action [10,[12][13][14]17,18,[23][24][25], has been widely reported. It is important to mention that despite a wide variety of studies existing in the literature, antimicrobial activity has generally been evaluated in the same microorganisms even though there is a large amount of bacteria, fungi and viruses of clinical importance that could be studied.…”

“…It is important to mention that despite a wide variety of studies existing in the literature, antimicrobial activity has generally been evaluated in the same microorganisms even though there is a large amount of bacteria, fungi and viruses of clinical importance that could be studied. Also, when existing studies are analyzed (Table 1), most suggest that biosynthesized silver nanoparticles are biocompatible and may have therapeutic use potential in humans; however, if we review the studies summarized in Table 1 very few carry out biocompatibility tests in normal cells [8,10,14,15,18,26,27]. These tests provide crucial information on the ranges of safety and cytotoxicity of the biosynthetized nanoparticles, information that result fundamental to can be designed future experiments with biomedical applications in preclinical and clinical models.…”

“…Another important fact is about the physical nature of the nanoparticles with respect to their size, most of the studies obtained nanoparticles with sizes greater than 10 nm in diameter [8,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]; it would be interesting to know their effects with sizes smaller than 10 nm since there is evidence that their biological effects also dependent on size [28]. Furthermore, for a better comparative analysis of the therapeutic potential of green silver nanoparticles, it is important to include in future experiments reference drugs that are currently the most used and effective in antimicrobial therapy in humans (cephalosporins, quinolones, and macrolides) [29], since most studies existing do not include used-commercial drugs as control [8][9]11,[13][14][15][16]18,[20][21] or it is included drugs used in the past. Finally, the plant extracts used in the green synthesis of nanoparticles contain a large variety of functional groups that can be added to the chemical structure of the silver nanoparticle, in this sense the existing studies have not fully evaluated the role that can have the chemical functionalization in the biological activity of the nanoparticles, the studies included in the present review discuss very little to the regard, being a critical factor that can explain the variability in the antimicrobial effect of the different types of silver nanoparticles that are biosynthesized.…”

Fabrication of silver chloride nanoparticles using a plant serine protease in combination with photoactivation and investigation of their biological activities

“…The fabrication of Ag‐NPs by physical and chemical methods has been reported, for example, by chemical reduction of silver solutions , ultrasonic methods , and in silver nanocomposite films produced by γ‐irradiation techniques or by photochemical activation . As an alternative to chemical and physical methods, which require large amounts of toxic chemicals and high temperatures, Ag‐NPs can be fabricated by biological methods, so‐called "green fabrication" , using microorganisms , plants, or plant extracts . Some Ag‐NPs fabricated by green processes are of mixed types, as can be observed by their mixed crystal features, e.g., equilateral triangles and hexagons of Ag‐NPs crystals produced by Pseudomonas stutzeri AG259 .…”