Cancer is a leading cause of death
worldwide. Despite the advances
in prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment, many tumors relapse
and become resistant to conventional treatments. Theranostics and
real-time molecular imaging using nanoscale materials, such as polymeric
micelles, are being widely explored as promising gold standard approaches
in a personalized medicine perspective for cancer. Theranostics is
intended for the three-in-one purpose of simultaneously diagnose,
treat, and monitor tumor evolution. Compared to the conventional treatments,
theranostic functional polymeric micelles have demonstrated great
potential to improve and monitor the delivery of pharmacological agents
following administration, which can enhance therapeutic efficacy and
minimize off-target toxicity. This review provides an overview of
the current state of the art related to the use of polymeric micelles
as theranostic multicarriers targeting the cancer cells and tumor
microenvironment. Some future directions toward the design of nanotheranostic
platforms are also proposed. In particular, we focused our attention
on Pluronics and Tetronics as they advantageously present sol–gel
transition, which makes them smart nanosystems suitable for oral theranostic
administration and sustained depots, increasing patient compliance.