Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides-Capped Selenium Nanoparticles Using Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 and Their Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Abstract

Lactococcus lactis ( L. lactis ) NZ9000, which has been genetically modified, is the most commonly used host strain for nisin regulated gene expression. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in the diet of humans and animals important for the maintenance of health and growth. Biosynthesized Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) that use microorganisms as a vehicle are uniquely advantages in terms of low costs, low toxicity and high bioavailability. This study was aimed at preparing novel functionalized SeNPs by L. lactis NZ9000 through eco-friendly and economic biotechnology methods. Moreover, its physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were investigated. L. lactis NZ9000 synthesized elemental red SeNPs when co-cultivated with sodium selenite under anaerobic conditions. Biosynthesized SeNPs by L. lactis NZ9000 were mainly capped with polysaccharides and significantly alleviated the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, the decrease of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) challenged by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). SeNPs also prevented the H 2 O 2 -caused reduction of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the increase of FITC-Dextran fluxes across IPEC-J2. Moreover, SeNPs attenuated the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the reduction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and maintained intestinal epithelial permeability in IPEC-J2 cells exposed to H 2 O 2 . In addition, SeNPs pretreatment alleviated the cytotoxicity of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 on IPEC-J2 cells and maintained the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity by up-regulating the expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 and modulating inflammatory cytokines. Biosynthesized SeNPs by L. lactis NZ9000 are a promising selenium supplement with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Selenium Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: From Development and Characterization to Therapeutics

“…[ 20 ] The biosynthesis of SeNPs, also referred to as green chemistry, consists in the use of bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, and plants as catalyst for SeNPs production, [ 73 ] resulting in inexpensive, nontoxic and ecofriendly SeNPs. [ 14,75 ] Biosynthesis methods present several advantages when compared to physical and chemical methods, such as inexistence of extreme conditions, [ 34 ] fast growth rate of the microorganisms used, low cost, common culture procedures, [ 76,77 ] low toxicity and ecofriendly, [ 74,78 ] and unique spectroscopic characteristics. [ 77 ]…”

“…Biosynthesis methods reduce selenate or selenite to elemental Se by compounds existing in bioorganisms, such as phenols, flavonoids amines, alcohols, proteins, and aldehydes, resulting in specific red SeNPs. [ 14,16,34,79 ] Although, biogenic SeNPs are more frequently produced by prokaryotic cells, [ 14,77 ] such as anaerobic, [ 78 ] aerobic, [ 75,80 ] and anoxic bacteria, [ 14 ] both fungi, [ 81 ] protozoan, [ 82 ] and plant extracts [ 74,83,84 ] have been used as well. The latter is easily manipulated, converting selenate (SeO 4 2− ) into red SeNPs, due to the action of selenate reductases, which first reduce selenate to selenite (SeO 3 2− ), which will be subsequently reduced to elemental Se in the periplasm, by selenite reductases, such as nitrite, nitrate, and sulfite reductase.…”

“…Reproduced with permission. [ 78 ] Copyright 2019, Frontiers, and Reproduced with permission. [ 85 ] Copyright 2016, Nature, respectively.…”

“…[ 204 ] SeNPs produced by biosynthesis using Lactococcus lactis had a protective effect on intestinal infection by E. coli , preserving the intestinal epithelial barrier due to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects and by increasing occludin an claudin‐1 expression. [ 78 ]…”

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: Potential Solution to Oxidative Stress Mediated Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associated Complications

“…Moreover, the increase in antioxidant potential associated with increase in concentration was also evident. [148]. Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393-derived SeNPs showed antioxidant potential in H 2 O 2 -stimulated oxidative damage models of human colon mucosal epithelial cells (NCM460) and in diquat-induced intestinal barrier malfunction models in C57BL/6 mice [149][150][151].…”