Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides by Prokaryotes

Tonn, Sheri J.; Gander, J.E.

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.33.100179.001125

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…For detailed discussions the interested reader is referred to several recent reviews (SUllERLAND 1985;TONN and GANDER 1979;TROY 1979;JANN and JANN, this volume).…”

Section: Structure and Biosynthesis Of Capsules: General Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Bacteria

Boulnois

Roberts

1990

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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“…For detailed discussions the interested reader is referred to several recent reviews (SUllERLAND 1985;TONN and GANDER 1979;TROY 1979;JANN and JANN, this volume).…”

Section: Structure and Biosynthesis Of Capsules: General Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Bacteria

Boulnois

Roberts

1990

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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“…All of the UDP and mUDP sugars found in this investigation have been described for various bacteria (10,11,14,15,17). However, these nucleotide sugars are reported to be synthesized by pathways which are different from the ones described in this Table 2.…”

mentioning

confidence: 58%

Involvement of folic acid and methionine in the synthesis of certain membrane-associated nucleotide sugars by Enterococcus hirae

Wood

1994

J Bacteriol

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A membrane preparation from Enterococcus hirae contained UDP and methyl-UDP (mUDP) monosaccharides. This preparation, when incubated with combinations of folic acid, L-serine, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in a reaction system containing UDP-glucose, promoted synthesis of certain mUDP sugars. Folic acid and serine produced mUDP-glucose and mUDP-rhamnose; S-adenosylmethionine produced mUDP-glucose, mUDP-mannose, and mUDP-fucose.Analysis of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane fraction of Enterococcus hirae showed the presence of UDP and methyl-UDP (mUDP) monosaccharides. Subsequent investigation revealed a novel requirement for folic acid (plus serine) and methionine (S-adenosylmethionine) in the biosynthesis of these membrane-bound mUDP sugars. These observations are described herein.E. hirae (4) ATCC 8043 was grown in a completely defined medium based on the composition of the folic acid assay medium as described in the Difco manual (3). The acidhydrolyzed casein was replaced with a mixture of 19 L-amino acids at a final concentration of 0.5%. The amino acids used and their relative concentrations, except methionine, were as given on p. 230 of the Difco manual (3). L-Methionine was supplied at 15 ug/nml, which provided maximum growth of E.hirae. p-Aminobenzoic acid was omitted from the growth medium. The final complete medium also included thymidine, 15 pug/ml, replacing folic acid. ( The protoplast suspension (200 mg [dry weight]) was gently washed with 0.05 M MgCl2 to remove sucrose. The washed protoplasts were then resuspended in 18 ml of 0.02 M MgCl2. Approximately 1 mg of DNase I was added, and the suspension was placed at 37°C. At 15-min intervals, beginning 15 min after DNase was added, three 40-,I volumes of 1.0 N NaOH were added and mixed with the suspension to encourage lysis of the bacterial protoplasts (5). Following this 60-min lytic process, the suspension was centrifuged (50,000 X g, for 30 min, and at 5°C). The remaining pellet, consisting of some intact cells and protoplasts plus considerable particulate material, was resuspended in 20 ml of 25% sucrose in 0.02 M MgCl2 and was then * Phone: (409) 772-5065. centrifuged in a hanging bucket rotor (8,000 X g for 40 min, and at 5°C). The very faintly turbid supernatant that resulted was removed and saved for the final centrifugation step (50,000 X g, for 30 min, and at 5°C).The pellet obtained following this centrifugation was yellowgreen and opalescent and had a total protein weight of 1.1 mg. A Gram stain of a suspension of the membrane pellet mixed with an equal volume of formalin to prevent disruption of any intact bacterial protoplasts (2) revealed the presence of considerable gram-negative debris and a few gram-negative spheres 0.3 ,um in diameter. No intact bacteria were seen in the membrane preparations.Isolation, separation, and detection of the sugar nucleotides. The nucleotide sugars were released from 2 to 4 mg (dry weight) of the membrane preparations by a vigorous shaking with 1.5 ml of chloroform (9), which had been added to the 0.4...

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“…The most important of these substances are (lipo)teichoic acids, neutral and acidic polysaccharides, and surface proteins [122]. Teichoic acids are the negative charged polymers constituted with polyol phosphate that linked to the peptidoglycan [122,123].…”

Section: Nanosized Delivery Generated By Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosized Minicells Generated by Lactic Acid Bacteria for Drug Delivery

Nguyen

Jovel

Nguyen

2017

Journal of Nanomaterials

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Nanotechnology has the ability to target specific areas of the body, controlling the drug release and significantly increasing the bioavailability of active compounds. Organic and inorganic nanoparticles have been developed for drug delivery systems. Many delivery systems are through clinical stages for development and market. Minicell, a nanosized cell generated by bacteria, is a potential particle for drug delivery because of its size, safety, and biodegradability. Minicells produced by bacteria could drive therapeutic agents against cancer, microbial infection, and other diseases by targeting. In addition, minicells generated by lactic acid bacteria being probiotics are more interesting than others because of their benefits like safety, immunological improvement, and biodegradation. This review aims to highlight the stages of development of nanoparticle for drug delivery and discuss their advantages and limitations to clarify minicells as a new opportunity for the development of potential nanoparticle for drug delivery.

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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides by Prokaryotes

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Genetics of Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Bacteria

Genetics of Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Bacteria

Involvement of folic acid and methionine in the synthesis of certain membrane-associated nucleotide sugars by Enterococcus hirae

Nanosized Minicells Generated by Lactic Acid Bacteria for Drug Delivery

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