Biosynthesis of Phytocannabinoids and Structural Insights: A Review

Govindarajan, Rasiravathanahalli Kaveriyappan; Mishra, Awdhesh Kumar; Cho, Kiu-Hyung; Kim, Ki-Hyun; Yoon, Kyoung Mi; Baek, Kwang-Hyun

doi:10.3390/metabo13030442

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…These compounds are believed to have therapeutic potential for treating conditions such as mood disorders, neurological disorders, cancer, diabetes, and pain [ 3 , 4 ]. The current knowledge of the phytocannabinoids’ biosynthetic pathways remains limited [ 5 , 6 ]. In addition, the introduction of novel traits is difficult to accomplish without changing the cannabinoid profile.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Gene Expression in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Mohammad,

Ghogare,

Morton

et al. 2024

Plants

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Industrial hemp Cannabis sativa L. is an economically important crop mostly grown for its fiber, oil, and seeds. Due to its increasing applications in the pharmaceutical industry and a lack of knowledge of gene functions in cannabinoid biosynthesis pathways, developing an efficient transformation platform for the genetic engineering of industrial hemp has become necessary to enable functional genomic and industrial application studies. A critical step in the development of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in the hemp genus is the establishment of optimal conditions for T-DNA gene delivery into different explants from which whole plantlets can be regenerated. As a first step in the development of a successful Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for hemp gene editing, the factors influencing the successful T-DNA integration and expression (as measured by transient β-glucuronidase (GUS) and Green Florescent Protein (GFP) expression) were investigated. In this study, the parameters for an agroinfiltration system in hemp, which applies to the stable transformation method, were optimized. In the present study, we tested different explants, such as 1- to 3-week-old leaves, cotyledons, hypocotyls, root segments, nodal parts, and 2- to 3-week-old leaf-derived calli. We observed that the 3-week-old leaves were the best explant for transient gene expression. Fully expanded 2- to 3-week-old leaf explants, in combination with 30 min of immersion time, 60 µM silver nitrate, 0.5 µM calcium chloride, 150 µM natural phenolic compound acetosyringone, and a bacterial density of OD600nm = 0.4 resulted in the highest GUS and GFP expression. The improved method of genetic transformation established in the present study will be useful for the introduction of foreign genes of interest, using the latest technologies such as genome editing, and studying gene functions that regulate secondary metabolites in hemp.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Gene Expression in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Mohammad,

Ghogare,

Morton

et al. 2024

Plants

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“…Humans have a long history with Cannabis sativa, with evidence of cultivation dating back as far as 10,000 years (12,82). The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that Cannabis is the most widely cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug, and it constitutes over half of worldwide drug seizures (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Medical research on Cannabis has primarily focused on isolated THC (Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol), and CBD (Cannabidiol) but there are hundreds of other chemical constituents in Cannabis, including Cannabinoids and terpenes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, hemp consumption has been spurred on by its wide range of properties and uses from Indian Himalayan civilization to another civilization through consecutive millennia (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(82)(83)(84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93). Cannabis research work remains years behind than other crops because of the long legacy of prohibition and stigmatization (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Hemp has historically been attractive for its top-quality fibre and edible oil (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cannabis research work remains years behind than other crops because of the long legacy of prohibition and stigmatization (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Hemp has historically been attractive for its top-quality fibre and edible oil (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(82)(83)(84)(85)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93). The uses of Cannabis are economically significant, owing to the various food industry applications and the development of therapeutic and pharmacological applications of phytocannabinoids (80)(81)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cannabis sativa: Release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Affecting Air Quality

Malabadi¹,

Kolkar²,

Chalannavar³

et al. 2023

IJRIAS

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This review paper highlights about the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Cannabis plants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a large group of chemicals harmful to human health that are readily released into the atmosphere and participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions. Floral Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are often involved in defence and pollinator attraction. Cannabis cultivation and consumption may lead to additional environmental impacts. Studies found out that Cannabis plants emit a significant amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) which could cause indoor air quality issues. Indoor Cannabis cultivation is energy-consuming, mainly due to heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and lighting. Energy consumption leads to greenhouse gas emissions. Common compounds to all the tested hemp cultivars include β-myrcene, ϒ-caryophyllene, α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene, reflecting species specificity in the emission of these compounds. β-Myrcene was the most abundant compound in most of the outside hemp cultivars. The terpenes had an earthy musky, and fruity smell may contribute to the odour in Cannabis samples at the vegetative stage, flowering stage, and drying/curing stage. All hemp cultivars are the prolific emitters of terpenoids. The oxidation of highly reactive Biogenic Volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from Cannabis plants can lead to the formation of ozone and secondary Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., formaldehyde and acrolein). In hemp production, considerable odorous emissions occur during field retting. However, more research is needed to address how outdoor air quality is influenced by Cannabis cultivation facilities (CCFs) emissions.

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“…Phytocannabinoids are characteristic metabolites of Cannabis sativa L. Approximately 200 cannabinoids have been discovered from this species, each with unique therapeutic and/or abuse potential. These bioactive terpenoids have recently been discovered in Rhododendron and Radula species, as well as in certain legumes and fungi ( Gülck and Møller, 2020 ; Govindarajan et al, 2023 ; Hesami et al, 2023 ; Sainz Martinez et al, 2023 ). Cannabinoids are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohols, non-polar organic solvents (e.g., ether and hexane), and lipids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and risks of CBD oils purchased online: unveiling uncertain quality and vague health claims

Vida,

Strauss,

Bajtel

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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Introduction: The unmet need for highly effective, naturally derived products with minimal side effects results in the over-popularity of ever-newer medicinal plants. In the middle of 2010, products containing cannabidiol (CBD), one of the special metabolites of Cannabis sativa, started to gain popularity. For consumers and healthcare providers alike, the legal context surrounding the marketing of CBD products is not entirely clear, and the safety of using some products is in doubt. Companies in the online medicinal product market profit from the confusion around CBD oils.Methods: In our study, we employed a complex method known as risk-based safety mapping of the online pharmaceutical market, which included health claim content analysis of online stores, test purchases, and labeling and quantitative analysis of the CBD content.Results: There were discovered 16 online retailers selling an average of 2–7 goods and CBD oils with a concentration of 3%–5% (30–50 mg/mL) CBD. The majority (n/N = 10/16, 62.5%) displayed potential health-related benefits indirectly on their website, and in the case of one web shop (n/N = 1/16, 6.3%), we detected COVID-19-related use. Altogether, 30 types of purported “indications” were collected. A total of 12 CBD oil products were test-purchased from online retailers in December 2020. Upon evaluating the packaging and product information, we noticed that three products (n/N = 3/12, 25%) lacked instructions on use, hence increasing the risk of inappropriate application and dosing. The cannabidiol content was quantified using UHPLC. The measured CBD concentrations of the products ranged from 19.58 mg/mL to 54.09 mg/mL (mean 35.51 mg/mL, median 30.63 mg/mL, and SD ± 12.57 mg/mL). One (8.33%) product was underlabeled, five (41.67%) were over-labeled, and only every second product (50%) was appropriately labeled based on the quantitative assessment of CBD concentration.Discussion: Further research and quality control are necessary to establish the regulatory context of the usage and classification of CBD and other cannabinoids in nonmedicinal products (e.g., food supplements), as authorities and policymakers worldwide struggle with the uncertainties surrounding CBD products.

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Biosynthesis of Phytocannabinoids and Structural Insights: A Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 112 publications

Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Gene Expression in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Evaluation of Parameters Affecting Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Gene Expression in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)

Cannabis sativa: Release of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Affecting Air Quality

Safety and risks of CBD oils purchased online: unveiling uncertain quality and vague health claims

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