Biosynthesis of fibrinolytic agent urokinase by Enterococcus gallinarum isolated from sardine

Abstract

Modelado de la biodegradación en biorreactores de lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos (Biodegradation modeling of sludge bioreactors of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathering in soil and sediments)

Production and market comparison of urokinase and streptokinase as effective and cheap fibrinolytic agents for treatment of cardiovascular diseases

“…Fermentation technology happens to be the leading application for employing different microorganisms including bacteria (E. Coli, Pseudomonas sp., B. subtilis, Halobacillus sp., Enterococcos sp. ), fungi (Asperigillus sp., Penicillium sp., Trichothecium sp., S. cerevisiae), algae, and actinomycetes in the process of urokinase-production (Agrawal & Patil, 2020;Nawaz et al, 2020). The evident attainment of high yields of urokinase from microbial sources validate their acceptance over pre-existing sources of UPA (Sahoo & Sahoo, 2020).…”

“…However, the production process can be made more cost-effective by optimizing the media required for cell growth and enzyme production. Production of urokinase is also possible by the isolation of microorganisms (bacteria) from various sources like soil, seawater, and fermented food samples such as Sardine, pickle, chickpea, soybean, tuna, soya sauce, olive, hot sauce, corn, red kidney beans, sweet corn, and tomato ketchup (Nawaz et al, 2020). Isolation of microorganisms from these sources produces urokinase that is much costeffective and efficient as compared to its production by recombinant techniques and tissue culture methods (Huish, Thelwell, & Longstaff, 2017).…”

“…As a fibrinolytic agent, urokinase is favored over streptokinase essentially because it is a human indigenous protein and thus can be administered repeatedly without the fear of causing any allergic response in the body. It has high fibrin specificity and fewer side effects (Nawaz et al, 2020) and works more or less in the same way as streptokinase. Urokinase can also be isolated from plasma, seminal fluid and tissue cultures of kidney cells (Fedan, 2019); However, the production expenses limit the production feasibility to a great extent; for instance, 1500L of urine is only sufficient to harvest a single dose of urokinase.…”