Biosynthesis, Gene Expression, and Pharmacological Properties of Triterpenoids of Ganoderma Species (Agaricomycetes): A Review

Angulo-Sanchez, Lucía T.; López-Peña, Damián; Torres-Moreno, Heriberto; Gutiérrez, Aldo; Gaitán-Hernández, Rigoberto; Esqueda, Martín

doi:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044016

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…In recent times, the cultivation of edible and medicinal Ganoderma fungi has significantly increased in both economic and medicinal value ( Lin, 2019 ; Li Z. et al, 2019 ). The exogenous synthesis of the medicinal components of Ganoderma has also become a major research focus ( Kladar et al, 2016 ; Gong et al, 2019 ; Angulo-Sanchez et al, 2022 ; Bao et al, 2022 ). Examining the codon bias of Ganoderma species could further our comprehension of the evolution, genetics, and biosynthesis of active ingredients of Ganoderma species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exogenous synthesis of the medicinal components of Ganoderma has also become a major research focus (Kladar et al, 2016;Gong et al, 2019;Angulo-Sanchez et al, 2022;Bao et al, 2022). Examining the codon bias of Ganoderma species could further our comprehension of the evolution, genetics, and biosynthesis of active ingredients of Ganoderma species.…”

Section: Optimal Codon Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive analysis of codon bias in 13 Ganoderma mitochondrial genomes

Xiao

Luo

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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IntroductionCodon usage bias is a prevalent phenomenon observed across various species and genes. However, the specific attributes of codon usage in the mitochondrial genome of Ganoderma species remain unknown.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the codon bias of 12 mitochondrial core protein-coding genes (PCGs) in 9 Ganoderma species, including 13 Ganoderma strains.ResultsThe codons of all Ganoderma strains showed a preference for ending in A/T. Additionally, correlations between codon base composition and the codon adaptation index (CAI), codon bias index (CBI) and frequency of optimal codons (FOP) were identified, demonstrating the impact of base composition on codon bias. Various base bias indicators were found to vary between or within Ganoderma strains, including GC3s, the CAI, the CBI, and the FOP. The results also revealed that the mitochondrial core PCGs of Ganoderma have an average effective number of codons (ENC) lower than 35, indicating strong bias toward certain codons. Evidence from neutrality plot and PR2-bias plot analysis indicates that natural selection is a major factor affecting codon bias in Ganoderma. Additionally, 11 to 22 optimal codons (ΔRSCU>0.08 and RSCU>1) were identified in 13 Ganoderma strains, with GCA, AUC, and UUC being the most widely used optimal codons in Ganoderma. By analyzing the combined mitochondrial sequences and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values, the genetic relationships between or within Ganoderma strains were determined, indicating variations between them. Nevertheless, RSCU-based analysis illustrated the intra- and interspecies relationships of certain Ganoderma species.DiscussionThis study deepens our insight into the synonymous codon usage characteristics, genetics, and evolution of this important fungal group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Optimal Codon Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive analysis of codon bias in 13 Ganoderma mitochondrial genomes

Xiao

Luo

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Triterpenes are characteristic pharmacological components of lignified traditional medicinal fungi, such as Ganoderic acid from Ganoderma species [ 50 ], and Eburicoic acid and its derivatives from polypore species [ 51 ]; however, they are not monolithic. Phenols, a class of high-value natural products with medicinal potential [ 44 , 52 ], are prominent bioactive components of the highly lignified and well-known medicinal mushrooms of the genus Phellinus and Inonotus belonging to the order of Hymenochaetales [ 43 ].…”

Section: Discussion and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Metabolites and Pharmacological Effects from the Basidiomycetes Inonotus hispidus

et al. 2022

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Inonotus hispidus mushroom is a popular edible and medicinal mushroom with a long history of use. It is well known as a medicinal fungus with various health benefits for its significant anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Over the last 60 years, secondary metabolites derived from I. hispidus and their biological activities have been discovered and investigated. Structurally, these compounds are mainly polyphenols and triterpenoids, which have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitor activities. Here, the secondary metabolites derived from I. hispidus and their activities were systematically and comprehensively classified and summarized, and the biosynthetic pathway of stylylpyrones was deduced and analyzed further. This review contributes to our understanding of I. hispidus and will help with research into natural product chemistry, pharmacology, and the biosynthesis of I. hispidus metabolites. According to this review, I. hispidus could be a promising source of bioactive compounds for health promotion and the development of functional foods.

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“…In general, the diverse secondary metabolites produced by mushrooms exhibit genus-specific characteristics. For instance, erinacines and hericenones, which are classified as cyathane diterpenes and meroterpenoids respectively, are representative components of the medicinal-edible Hericium mushrooms, Meanwhile, ganoderic acids are characteristic medicinal constituents associated with Ganoderma mushrooms . However, secondary metabolites from the Agaricus genus do not demonstrate convergence at the genus level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthetic Analysis of Secondary Metabolites from Agaricus Mushrooms: A Review

Zhang,

Zhao,

Tang

et al. 2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Agaricus mushrooms are an important genus in the Agaricaceae family, belonging to the order Agaricales of the class Basidiomycota. Among them, Agaricus bisporus is a common mushroom for mass consumption, which is not only nutritious but also possesses significant medicinal properties such as anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. The rare edible mushroom, Agaricus blazei, contains unique agaricol compounds with significant anticancer activity against liver cancer. Agaricus blazei is believed to expel wind and cold, i.e., the pathogenic factors of wind and cold from the body, and is an important formula in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its nutritional richness and outstanding medicinal value, Agaricus mushrooms have not been systematically compiled and summarized. Therefore, the present review compiles and classifies 70 natural products extracted from Agaricus mushrooms over the past six decades. These compounds exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities, with particular emphasis on antitumor and antioxidant properties. While A. blazei and A. bisporus are the primary producers of these compounds, studies on secondary metabolites from other Agaricus species remain limited. Further research is needed to explore and understand the anticancer and nutritional properties of Agaricus mushrooms. This review contributes to the understanding of the structure, bioactivity, and biosynthetic pathways of Agaricus compounds and provides insights for the development of functional foods using these mushrooms.

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Biosynthesis, Gene Expression, and Pharmacological Properties of Triterpenoids of Ganoderma Species (Agaricomycetes): A Review

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Comprehensive analysis of codon bias in 13 Ganoderma mitochondrial genomes

Comprehensive analysis of codon bias in 13 Ganoderma mitochondrial genomes

Diverse Metabolites and Pharmacological Effects from the Basidiomycetes Inonotus hispidus

Chemical Structures, Biological Activities, and Biosynthetic Analysis of Secondary Metabolites from Agaricus Mushrooms: A Review

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