Biosynthesis and Control of Mosquito Gut Proteases

Borovsky, Dov

doi:10.1080/15216540310001597721

Cited by 41 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In anautogenous adult mosquitoes and their larvae, trypsin and chymotrypsin are the major gut digestive enzymes. These enzymes digest either the protein-rich blood meal the adult female uses for egg development (5) or proteinacious food from the water for larval growth and development (6). The sequence of physiological events that follows the uptake of a blood meal in female mosquitoes or protein uptake in larvae is complicated, involving osmotic pressure, juvenile hormone III, and other unknown factors (5).…”

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“…These enzymes digest either the protein-rich blood meal the adult female uses for egg development (5) or proteinacious food from the water for larval growth and development (6). The sequence of physiological events that follows the uptake of a blood meal in female mosquitoes or protein uptake in larvae is complicated, involving osmotic pressure, juvenile hormone III, and other unknown factors (5). Similar to mosquito larvae, protein digestion in the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) is mediated by endo-and exopeptidases secreted from the midgut epithelium cells into the luminal fluid of the midgut (7).…”

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Expression of Aedes trypsin-modulating oostatic factor on the virion of TMV: A potential larvicide

Borovsky

Rabindran

Dawson

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We report the engineering of the surface of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virion with a mosquito decapeptide hormone, trypsinmodulating oostatic factor (TMOF). The TMV coat protein (CP) was fused to TMOF at the C terminus by using a read-through, leaky stop codon that facilitated expression of CP and chimeric CP-TMOF (20:1 ratio) that were coassembled into virus particles in infected Nicotiana tabacum. Plants that were infected with the hybrid TMV RNA accumulated TMOF to levels of 1.3% of total soluble protein.Infected tobacco leaf discs that were fed to Heliothis virescens fourth-instar larvae stunted their growth and inhibited trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in their midgut. Purified CP-TMOF virions fed to mosquito larvae stopped larval growth and caused death. Because TMV has a wide host range, expressing TMV-TMOF in plants can be used as a general method to protect them against agricultural insect pests and to control vector mosquitoes.genetic engineering ͉ Helitothis virescens ͉ mosquitoes ͉ plants ͉ digestion

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Expression of Aedes trypsin-modulating oostatic factor on the virion of TMV: A potential larvicide

Borovsky

Rabindran

Dawson

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Annotation of the serine endopeptidases within our enriched set (Table S2) shows 45 of the 50 proteins carry a trypsin domain (Pfam PF00089). Mosquito trypsins, secreted by gut epithelium, function in digestion of protein-rich bloodmeals within the female after encapsulation by a peritrophic matrix (Borovsky, 2003; Borovsky & Schlein, 1987). In a process currently considered unique to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), two forms of trypsin are critical for complete bloodmeal digestion (Felix et al, 1991).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic divergence between populations of feral and domestic forms of a mosquito disease vector assessed by transcriptomics

Price

Fonseca

2015

PeerJ

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Culex pipiens, an invasive mosquito and vector of West Nile virus in the US, has two morphologically indistinguishable forms that differ dramatically in behavior and physiology. Cx. pipiens form pipiens is primarily a bird-feeding temperate mosquito, while the sub-tropical Cx. pipiens form molestus thrives in sewers and feeds on mammals. Because the feral form can diapause during the cold winters but the domestic form cannot, the two Cx. pipiens forms are allopatric in northern Europe and, although viable, hybrids are rare. Cx. pipiens form molestus has spread across all inhabited continents and hybrids of the two forms are common in the US. Here we elucidate the genes and gene families with the greatest divergence rates between these phenotypically diverged mosquito populations, and discuss them in light of their potential biological and ecological effects. After generating and assembling novel transcriptome data for each population, we performed pairwise tests for nonsynonymous divergence (Ka) of homologous coding sequences and examined gene ontology terms that were statistically over-represented in those sequences with the greatest divergence rates. We identified genes involved in digestion (serine endopeptidases), innate immunity (fibrinogens and α-macroglobulins), hemostasis (D7 salivary proteins), olfaction (odorant binding proteins) and chitin binding (peritrophic matrix proteins). By examining molecular divergence between closely related yet phenotypically divergent forms of the same species, our results provide insights into the identity of rapidly-evolving genes between incipient species. Additionally, we found that families of signal transducers, ATP synthases and transcription regulators remained identical at the amino acid level, thus constituting conserved components of the Cx. pipiens proteome. We provide a reference with which to gauge the divergence reported in this analysis by performing a comparison of transcriptome sequences from conspecific (yet allopatric) populations of another member of the Cx. pipiens complex, Cx. quinquefasciatus.

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“…As in other insects, other factors may be involved in the induction of digestive proteases in L. longipalpis [34]–[36]. Although there are no reports in the literature, factors such as hormones produced by endocrine cells in the gut and other organs may play a complementary role that should be investigated in sand flies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Modulation by a Parasite: How Leishmania infantum Modifies the Intestinal Environment of Lutzomyia longipalpis to Favor Its Development

et al. 2014

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Some reports have described the interference of Leishmania on sand flies physiology, and such behavior most likely evolved to favor the development and transmission of the parasite. Most of these studies showed that Leishmania could modulate the level of proteases in the midgut after an infective blood meal, and decreased proteolytic activity is indeed beneficial for the development of promastigotes in the gut of sand flies. In the present study, we performed a detailed investigation of the intestinal pH in Lutzomyia longipalpis females naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and investigated the production of trypsin by these insects using different approaches. Our results allowed us to propose a mechanism by which these parasites interfere with the physiology of L. longipalpis to decrease the production of proteolytic enzymes. According to our hypothesis L. infantum promastigotes indirectly interfere with the production of trypsin by modulating the mechanism that controls the intestinal pH via the action of a yet non-identified substance released by promastigote forms inside the midgut. This substance is not an acid, whose action would be restrict on to release H+ to the medium, but is a substance that is able to interfere with midgut physiology through a mechanism involving pH control. According to our hypothesis, as the pH decreases, the proteolytic enzymes efficiency is also reduced, leading to a decline in the supply of amino acids to the enterocytes: this decline reduces the stimulus for protease production because it is regulated by the supply of amino acids, thus leading to a delay in digestion.

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Biosynthesis and Control of Mosquito Gut Proteases

Cited by 41 publications

References 36 publications

Expression of Aedes trypsin-modulating oostatic factor on the virion of TMV: A potential larvicide

Expression of Aedes trypsin-modulating oostatic factor on the virion of TMV: A potential larvicide

Genetic divergence between populations of feral and domestic forms of a mosquito disease vector assessed by transcriptomics

Host Modulation by a Parasite: How Leishmania infantum Modifies the Intestinal Environment of Lutzomyia longipalpis to Favor Its Development

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