Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste and its application to inhibit foodborne pathogens

Abstract

Polyphenolics have been predicted to effectively develop antimicrobial agents for the food industry as food additives and promote human health. This study aims to synthesize pomegranate peel extract (PPE) with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against eight foodborne pathogens. Multispectroscopic analysis of UV–vis spectroscopy, Zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used to characterize the interaction between PPE and AgNPs. Eight foodborne pathogenic strains (six bacterial and two fungal strains) Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 8379, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 00607, Salmonella typhi DSM 17058, Shigella sonnei DSM 5570, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 9643, and Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 96382 were used to test the inhibitory potential of PPW-AgNPs. The reaction colour of PPE-AgNPs from yellow to brown indicated that the nanoparticles were successfully formed. The UV absorption of PPE-AgNPs was detected at 440 nm of 0.9 SPR. SEM image of PPE-AgNPs exhibited spherical shapes with a zeta potential of − 20.1 mV. PPE-AgNPs showed high antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. The highest inhibition activity of PPE-AgNPs was recorded for the B. subtilis strain followed by K. pneumonia, while the highest resistance was noticed for R. oryzae. The components of pomegranate peel were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major constituents of pomegranate peel is phenol (51.1%), followed by Isocitronellol (19.41%) and 1-Propanol, 2-(2-hydroxypropyl)- (16.05%). PPE is key in the simple, eco-friendly green synthesis of extracellular stable AgNPs as an alternative source for harmful chemical disinfectants.

Physicochemical and Toxicological Screening of Silver Nanoparticle Biosynthesis from Punica granatum Peel Extract

“…The presence of C is overlapped by the carbon signal, used to sputter coat the nanoparticles for better conductivity. The results of this study agree with those of other researchers [18,21,37,38,54,55].…”

“…In addition, some absorption bands specific to the Pg extract shifted the recorded absorption bands on the Pg-AgNP spectrum at inferior wavenumbers (e.g., the bands recorded at 1444.68/cm-specific for aromatic compounds underscoring the methyl group; 1230.58/cm-specific for amines and ethers; 1045.42/cm-specific for anhydrides; as well as the band located at 877.61/cm-specific for compounds with substituted arrays) (Table 2). Therefore, our findings agree with those of the scientific literature [21,37,48,49]. Moreover, Zia et al [50] confirmed that the functional groups of amide, amino, carbonyl, and polyphenolic compounds contained in the P. granatum extract, were involved in the biosynthesis of AgNPs, through their participation in the redox reaction, and NP dispersion, as reducing (phenolic compounds) and capping agents.…”

“…This indirect technique confirms the formation of AgNPs (Figure 1), first, through a color change after several minutes (see Section 4.1), due to the interaction of AgNO 3 solution with plant phytocompounds, thus causing the reduction of the Ag + ion to Ag 0 metal, and second, by shifting the recorded absorption bands to higher intensities and wavelengths (Table 1). Many researchers revealed the detection of AgNPs at various wavelengths [18,[37][38][39], as well as AgNP formation at different time intervals [18,37,38,40,41]. According to the literature data, a typical UV-Vis spectrum of AgNPs with wavelength ranging from 410 to 440 nm corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of this metal nanoparticle [42].…”

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Sempervivum tectorum extract have an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from a dog's otitis externa

“…Silver has been extensively utilized across various civilizations for diverse applications. Silver exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against various pathogens, including Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and viruses [Talapko et al 2020, Farouk et al 2023].…”

“…Plants contain various biomolecules, such as avonoids and phenols, facilitating rapid silver ion bioreduction, which is advantageous for AgNP production. Therefore, previous studies have investigated AgNP production using multiple plants and the characteristics of the resulting AgNPs [Farouk et al, 2023]. For the reasons listed, in our research, we chose to use a plant Sempervivum tectorum L. previously tested by our research group for its antimicrobial effects, with excellent results [Cattaneo et al 2019].…”