Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of ginsenosides

Kim, Yujin; Zhang, Dabing; Yang, Deok‐Chun

doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.001

Cited by 281 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 187 publications

(248 reference statements)

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“…Ginsenoside differs from other saponins in terms of the ring structure of sapogenin. Ginsenosides can be classified into oleanolic acid, protopanaxadiol, and protopanaxatriol types based on the parent ring structure (Bai et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2015) (Figure 1 and Table 1). …”

Section: Chemical Components Of Ginsengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles and mechanisms of ginsenoside in cardiovascular diseases: progress and perspectives

Sun

Liu

Chen

2016

Sci. China Life Sci.

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Ginseng is among the oldest traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and is widely used in China and Southeast Asia. Over the past 50 years, considerable research has focused on the chemical constituents, pharmacological action, and clinical applications of ginseng. In this review, we examine the current state of research on ginseng, including the main active ingredient ginsenoside, its pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular system, and mechanisms of action. We focus on what is known of the effects of ginseng against atherosclerosis, arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, and its inhibition of ventricular remodeling, providing a basis for expanding the clinical applications of ginseng.

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Section: Chemical Components Of Ginsengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles and mechanisms of ginsenoside in cardiovascular diseases: progress and perspectives

Sun

Liu

Chen

2016

Sci. China Life Sci.

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“…Ginseng carpel development during plant morphogenesis P. ginseng is a slow-growing perennial herb that usually produces flowers in the third year of growth, when the stem develops three compound leaves, each with five leaflets, verticillate-i.e., having a circular arrangement, at the apex of the stem (Kim et al 2015a(Kim et al , 2016. The inflorescence of P. ginseng consists of a single, terminal umbel-i.e., a rounded flower cluster in which the individual stalks arise from about the same point, with small flowers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike Arabidopsis, in which embryogenesis is completed typically within 20 days post-fertilization (Le et al 2010), P. ginseng needs 40 days to reach the early torpedo stage. To achieve germination, the embryo needs up to 90 additional days of stratification (Baranov 1966;Li 1995;Kim et al 2015a), leading to the question why it needs longer time to develop. Based on the Baskin and Baskin (1998) classification theory of seed dormancy, P. ginseng seeds belong to the morphophysiological dormancy class, where seeds have underdeveloped embryos and require treatments to break the dormancy.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Ginseng Embryogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytological analysis of ginseng carpel development

et al. 2017

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Panax ginseng Meyer, commonly known as ginseng, is considered one of the most important herbs with pharmaceutical values due to the presence of ginsenosides and is cultivated for its highly valued root for medicinal purposes. Recently, it has been recognized that ginseng fruit contains high contents of triterpene such as ginsenoside Re as pharmaceutical compounds. However, it is unclear how carpel, the female reproductive tissue of flowers, is formed during the three-year-old growth before fruit is formed in ginseng plants. Here, we report P. ginseng carpel development at the cytological level, starting from the initial stage of ovule development to seed development. The carpel of P. ginseng is composed of two free stigmas, two free styles, and one epigynous bilocular ovary containing one ovule in each locule. Based on our cytological study, we propose that the female reproductive development in P. ginseng can be classified into seven stages: early phase of ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, pre-fertilization, fertilization, post-fertilization, and seed development. We also describe the correlation of the female and male gametophyte development and compare morphological differences in carpel development between ginseng and other higher plants. One unique feature for ginseng seed development is that it takes 40 days for the embryo to develop to the early torpedo stage and that the embryo is small relative to the seed size, which could be a feature of taxonomic importance. This study will provide an integral tool for the study of the reproductive development and breeding of P. ginseng.

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“…IspH is involved in the inal step of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, generating two pathway products isopentyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, which are needed for ginsenoside synthesis [42]. UGT is assumed to play an important role in producing diferent ginsenosides by adding monosaccharides to triterpene aglycones [43,44]. The diference in UGT expression between the F1 hybrid and parents might be an important reason for the diference in ginsenoside monomers produced by the plants.…”

Section: Two Ginsenoside Synthesis-related Proteins Identiied In "Fx0mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer × Panax quinquefolius L. Leaves and Parental Lines

Lei¹,

Wang²,

Song³

et al. 2017

Active Ingredients From Aromatic and Medicinal Plants

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Heterosis refers to the superior performance of heterozygous F1 hybrid plants with respect to those of their genetically distinct parents. Despite its wide use in crops, heterosis is seldom applied in the Panax genus, and its molecular basis remains unclear. Thus, this study is aimed to obtain hybrid F1s and identify the proteins associated with heterosis. Hybrid F1 plants and parental inbred lines were obtained using the embryo rescue technique, and the proteomes of their leaves were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A total of 236 diferentially expressed proteins were found, among which 84 nonadditive proteins indicated a heterosis patern in the hybrid. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein and amino acid synthesis were the most abundant classes of nonadditive proteins. Of the proteins in these categories, 10, 6, and 4 proteins, respectively, showed above high parent expression in the hybrid leaves. These results imply that the increment in photosynthetic capacity, carbohydrate decomposition, and nitrogen ixation might be related to the heterosis of the hybrid biomass and ginsenoside production in the hybrid leaves. This study could provide a basis for hybrid breeding of the Panax genus.

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Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of ginsenosides

Cited by 281 publications

References 187 publications

Roles and mechanisms of ginsenoside in cardiovascular diseases: progress and perspectives

Roles and mechanisms of ginsenoside in cardiovascular diseases: progress and perspectives

Cytological analysis of ginseng carpel development

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer × Panax quinquefolius L. Leaves and Parental Lines

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