“…The upper continental crust averages estimated by several authors range from 1.55 to 2.8 mg U kg − 1 (Gao et al, 1998;Hu and Gao, 2008;Taylor, 1964;Taylor and McLennan, 1995), whereas the U concentrations in uncontaminated soils worldwide vary between 1.9-4.4 mg kg − 1 (Kabata-Pendias, 2011) and the mean world concentration estimated by Reimann and Caritat (1998) is 2.7 mg kg − 1 . However, excessive amounts of uranium have been released into the environment through the activities associated with the nuclear industry (e.g., Bai et al, 2010;Benedict et al, 1981) and many other anthropogenic sources, such as mining and milling operations, disposal and discharge of industrial waste and effluent, disposal of medical waste, military applications, and the use of phosphate fertilizer in agricultural land (e.g., Campbell et al, 2015;Handley-Sidhu et al, 2010;Kratz and Schnug, 2006;Merkel, 2006;Schnug et al, 2005).…”