Biosolids in Europe

Evans, T. D.

doi:10.2175/193864712811694253

Cited by 19 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Biosolids are land-applied even less in the European Union. 209 Thus, knowledge of ENM fates in WWTPs and how final residues are disposed regionally are needed to develop plausible exposure scenarios.…”

Section: What Exposure and Design Considerations Drive Mesocosm Assesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials

Holden

Gardea‐Torresdey

Klaessig

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

197

150

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Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations—where observing outcomes is difficult—versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test endpoints, duration, and study conditions—including ENM test concentrations—that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.

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Section: What Exposure and Design Considerations Drive Mesocosm Assesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials

Holden

Gardea‐Torresdey

Klaessig

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

197

150

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“…[7][8][9][10][11] For instance, biosolids land application is banned in some jurisdictions such as Switzerland due to perceived environmental issues regarding emerging contaminants. 12,13 Therefore, post-treatment techniques to maximize energy recovery, minimize adverse environmental impacts, and reduce public health concerns due to biosolids reuse are critical elements for sustainable resource recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autocatalytic Pyrolysis of Wastewater Biosolids for Product Upgrading

Liu

Zitomer

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The main goals for sustainable water resource recovery include maximizing energy generation, minimizing adverse environmental impacts, and recovering beneficial resources. Wastewater biosolids pyrolysis is a promising technology that could help facilities reach these goals because it produces biochar that is a valuable soil amendment as well as bio-oil and pyrolysis gas (py-gas) that can be used for energy. The raw bio-oil, however, is corrosive; therefore, employing it as fuel is challenging using standard equipment. A novel pyrolysis process using wastewater biosolids-derived biochar (WB-biochar) as a catalyst was investigated to decrease bio-oil and increase py-gas yield for easier energy recovery. WB-biochar catalyst increased the py-gas yield nearly 2-fold, while decreasing bio-oil production. The catalyzed bio-oil also contained fewer constituents based on GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. The energy shifted from bio-oil to py-gas, indicating the potential for easier on-site energy recovery using the relatively clean py-gas. The metals contained in wastewater biosolids played an important role in upgrading pyrolysis products. The Ca and Fe in WB-biochar reduced bio-oil yield and increased py-gas yield. The py-gas energy increase may be especially useful at water resource recovery facilities that already combust anaerobic digester biogas for energy since it may be possible to blend biogas and py-gas for combined use.

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“…Römkens et al (2004;2009); Rodrigues et al (2010a,b;2012;2013); Groenenberg et al (2010); Franz et al (2008) andDe Vries et al (2008). Aside from the metal content standard soil properties including soil organic matter content, clay content, pH CaCl 2 , reactive Fe-and Al content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined.…”

Section: Analyses On Soils Fertilisers and Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is done separately for N and P. Subsequently the total calculated mineral fertiliser application rate, defined as the sum of all application rates at NCU per country, are scaled to the known national data to ensure that the total fertiliser consumption is in line with known data (de Vries et al, 2018). For both compost and sludge no spatially explicit application data are available and country wide consumption data, separate for compost and sludge, by agriculture are used (Barth et al, 2008;Evans, 2012) which are equally applied to the arable land fraction within the NCUs that is used for fodder production (maize) and arable crops with a medium to high N demand; no biosolids are applied to grassland. The equal distribution of biosolids across all arable land clearly is an oversimplification but the error thus introduced on the metal balance is small due to the small amount of biosolids used compared to manure and mineral fertiliser.…”

Section: Calculation Of Application Rates Of Manure Fertiliser and mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For those countries not included in the study by Amlinger (2004), the median value of all countries was used. Sludge production and application data at country level were taken from Evans (2012). The Cd content as well as the N and P content in sludge was based on country specific data as listed in the Working Document on Sludge and Biowaste (EC, 2010).…”

Section: Calculation Of Application Rates Of Manure Fertiliser and mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of cadmium levels in fertilisers on cadmium accumulation in soil and uptake by food crops

Römkens

Rietra

Kros³

et al. 2018

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Vries, 2018. Impact of cadmium levels in fertilisers on cadmium accumulation in soil and uptake by food crops. Wageningen, Wageningen Environmental Research, Report 2889. 116 pp.; 23 fig.; 60 tab.; 80 ref. Cadmium (Cd) and other heavy metals (lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn)) occur naturally in fertilisers but at variable levels. To determine whether or not levels of metals in fertiliser affect the absorption of Cd and other metals by agricultural crops, a greenhouse study was performed to measure the uptake of Cd and other metals from 7 different soils grounds treated with either mineral fertiliser with increasing levels of Cd and one type of animal manure (cattle manure). The results show that there is no significant difference in absorption of Cd nor on other metals when P fertiliser is used with levels of Cd varying between 0.04 and 60 mg Cd kg -1 P 2 O 5 . Differences in soil properties (e.g. acidity and organic matter content) in combination with the content of Cd in the soil control the short term (1 harvest cycle) variation of Cd concentrations in crops. Long-term (100 years) calculations on a field and regional scale, however, show that the content of Cd in P fertilisers does affect both levels in soil and that in crops. Dynamic model simulations at EU level indicate that accumulation of Cd in soil (arable and grassland) continues if the Cd content in P fertilisers exceeds 20 mg Cd kg -1 P 2 O 5 . The calculated average long-term relative changes in both soil and arable crops relative to current levels are in the order of magnitude of +0.2% if no more Cd is applied via P fertiliser to 12.1% to 16% if, at the European level the concentration of Cd in mineral P-fertilisers averages 60 or 80 mg Cd kg -1 P 2 O 5 respectively. Cadmium (Cd) en andere zware metalen (lood (Pb), arseen (As), chroom (Cr) en zink (Zn)) komen van nature voor in kunstmeststoffen, maar in variabele gehalten. Om na te gaan of het gehalte aan metalen in kunstmest de opname van Cd en andere metalen door landbouwgewassen beïnvloedt, is in een kasopstelling de opname van Cd en andere metalen bepaald uit 7 gronden behandeld met kunstmest of rundermest met oplopende gehalten aan Cd. De resultaten tonen aan dat er geen significant verschil in opname van Cd van noch andere metalen is wanneer P kunstmest gebruikt wordt met gehalten aan Cd die variëren tussen 0,04 en 60 mg Cd kg -1 P 2 O 5 . Verschillen in bodemeigenschappen (zuurgraad en organische stof gehalte) in combinatie met het initiële gehalte aan Cd in de bodem zijn op korte termijn (1 oogstcyclus) bepalend voor de variatie in de gehalten aan Cd in gewassen. Lange termijn berekeningen op veld-en regionale schaal tonen aan dat het gehalte aan Cd in P kunstmeststoffen wel van invloed is op zowel het gehalte in de bodem als dat in gewassen. Op regionale schaal is berekend dat accumulatie van Cd in de bodem in de EU (akkerbouw en grasland) gemiddeld genomen doorgaat indien het Cd gehalte in P kunstmeststoffen hoger is dan 20 mg Cd kg -1 P 2 O 5 . De berekende gemid...

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Biosolids in Europe

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials

Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials

Autocatalytic Pyrolysis of Wastewater Biosolids for Product Upgrading

Impact of cadmium levels in fertilisers on cadmium accumulation in soil and uptake by food crops

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