Bioserotypes and virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Abstract

Free-living animals are an important environmental reservoir of pathogens dangerous for other animal species and humans. One of those is Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, the causative agent of yersiniosis -foodborne, enzootic disease, significant for public health. The purpose of the study was to identify bioserotypes and virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) obtained during the 2010/2011 hunting season in north-eastern Poland. From among 48 rectal swabs obtained from 24 roe deer, two strains of Y. enterocolitica from one animal were isolated. Although both belonged to biotype 1A they were identified as different serotypes. The strain obtained from cold culture (PSB) belonged to serotype O:5, while the strain isolated from warm culture (ITC) was regarded as nonidentified (NI), what may suggest mixed infection in that animal. The presence of ystB gene, coding for YstB enterotoxin, directly related to Y. enterocolitica pathogenicity was detected in both strains using triplex PCR. The effect of the examination of 32 swabs obtained from 16 red deer was the isolation of two Y. enterocolitica strains from two different animals. Both belonged to biotype 1A with NI serotype, but were originated from different types of culture. They gave positive results in case of products of a size corresponding to the ystB gene. No amplicons corresponding to ail and ystA genes were found. Roe deer and red deer may carry and shed Y. enterocolitica, what seems to be important in aspect of an environmental reservoir of this pathogen. The Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from wild ruminants had the amplicons of the ystB gene, what suggest they can be potential source of Y. enterocolitica infection for humans.

Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica strains potentially virulent for humans and animals in river water

“…One millilitre of water from each sample was added to 9 ml of ITC (irgasan ™ ticarcillin chlorate broth, BTL Spółka z o.o., Łódź, Poland, ‘warm enrichment’) and was incubated at 25°C for 48 h. Another millilitre of water from each sample was incubated with 9 ml of peptone sorbitol bile broth (PSB, ‘cold enrichment’) at 4°C for 3 weeks (Bancerz‐Kisiel et al . ). After incubation, 0·5 ml of each bacterial culture was immersed in 4·5 ml of 0·5% KOH in 0·5% NaCl for 20 s and transferred to the CIN medium (Yersinia Selective Agar; Difco).…”

Monitoring of Yersinia enterocolitica strains from free-living animals using different methods

“…Poland). Sequences of the primers and multiplex PCR conditions were previously described by Bancerz-Kisiel et al (2014).…”

“…PCR is based on detection of specific virulence markers. The most popular markers used for Y. enterocolitica are ail, ystA and ystB, genes encoding proteins responsible for adhesion and invasion to the intestinal cells, and production of the YstA and YstB enterotoxins, respectively (Bancerz-Kisiel et al 2014). Pigs are known as a main reservoir of Y. enterocolitica strains pathogenic for humans, and raw or undercooked pork as a primary source of infection for humans.…”

“…Although other food products, as milk or tofu, have been implicated in outbreaks (Hanifian and Khani 2012). Pathogenic strains were also found in feces and carcasses of wild animals (Bancerz-Kisiel et al 2014). Because of an increasing significance of wild game as a food and disability to check the health status of each hunted animal it is necessary to control dispersion of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains in the wildlife.…”

The mechanisms of complement activation in normal bovine serum and normal horse serum against Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 strains with different outer membrane proteins content

“…Yersinia enterocolitica, a causative agent of yersiniosis, is a widespread gram-negative rod, especially in pigs, cattle and horses as natural reservoirs of this bacterium (Bucher et al 2008, Bancerz-Kisiel et al 2014. According to EU summary report on zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks 2011 (2013) and Polish Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, yersiniosis is the fourth most common zoonosis in Europe and Poland.…”