Biosensors Based on Phenol Oxidases (Laccase, Tyrosinase, and Their Mixture) for Estimating the Total Phenolic Index in Food-Related Samples

Abstract

Plant phenolic compounds demonstrate bioactive properties in vitro and/or in vivo, which creates demand for their precise determination in life sciences and industry. Measuring the concentration of individual phenolic compounds is a complex task, since approximately 9000 plant phenolic substances have been identified so far. The determination of the total phenolic content (TPC) is less laborious and is used for the qualimetric evaluation of complex multicomponent samples in routine analyses. Biosensors based on phenol oxidases (POs) have been proposed as alternative analytical devices for detecting phenolic compounds; however, their effectiveness in the analysis of food and vegetal matrices has not been addressed in detail. This review describes catalytic properties of laccase and tyrosinase and reports on the enzymatic and bienzymatic sensors based on laccase and tyrosinase for estimating the total phenolic index (TPI) in food-related samples (FRSs). The review presents the classification of biosensors, POs immobilization, the functions of nanomaterials, the biosensing catalytic cycle, interference, validation, and some other aspects related to TPI assessment. Nanomaterials are involved in the processes of immobilization, electron transfer, signal formation, and amplification, and they improve the performance of PO-based biosensors. Possible strategies for reducing interference in PO-based biosensors are discussed, namely the removal of ascorbic acid and the use of highly purified enzymes.

Tetrahedral framework nucleic acid loaded with glabridin: A transdermal delivery system applicated to anti‐hyperpigmentation

“…TYR, MITF, TRP‐1 and TRP‐2 play important roles in melanin synthesis. After activation, TYR converts l ‐tyrosine into dopaquinone, which can be used in subsequent reactions to produce melanin 53–55 . During this process, factors secreted by keratinocytes bind to melanocyte receptors and initiate melanin synthesis, including cAMP stimulation 56,57 .…”

“…After activation, TYR converts l ‐tyrosine into dopaquinone, which can be used in subsequent reactions to produce melanin. 53 , 54 , 55 During this process, factors secreted by keratinocytes bind to melanocyte receptors and initiate melanin synthesis, including cAMP stimulation. 56 , 57 cAMP increases the expression of MITF; then upregulates the expression of TYR, TRP‐1 and TRP‐2; finally promotes melanin synthesis in melanocytes.…”

Laccase-Mediated Oxidation of Phenolic Compounds from Wine Lees Extract towards the Synthesis of Polymers with Potential Applications in Food Packaging

“…In the second, the non-enzymatic step, the phenoxy radicals or the quinones form C-O or C-C covalent bonds via oxidative phenolic coupling, oxidative coupling, or oxidative condensation. This procedure leads to the production of different homomolecular or heteromolecular oligomers or polymers [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Moreover, in the presence of other non-laccase reactants, laccase can promote the synthesis of heteromolecular dimers or oligomers between a phenolic compound and a non-laccase substrate.…”

Novel Laccase Biosensors from Manihot Esculenta, Crantz -Associated Fungi: A Biotechnological Approach to Dopamine Quantification

“…Due to the diverse oxidation reactions catalyzed by laccases, they nd applications in various industrial sectors, including food, cosmetic, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, waste treatments, biofuel production, and biocatalysis in biotechnological processes [5,9,15]. They are also utilized in organic synthesis for crosslinking polymeric materials and producing antibiotics, therapeutic drugs, antiin ammatory drugs, and antioxidants [9,16].…”