Biosafety Concerns Related to<i>Brucella</i>and Its Potential Use as a Bioweapon

Olsen, Steven C.; Boggiatto, Paola M.; White, David M.; McNunn, Tonia

doi:10.1177/1535676018771983

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…However, because Brucella can spread widely and generate concern, its potential as a bioweapon is an increasing problem. Implementing efficient control and prevention measures, such as routine screening and elimination of infected animals, vaccination campaigns, public awareness campaigns on safe practices and consumption of animal products, and monitoring drug resistance patterns in Brucella strains, is crucial to combat these emerging threats (Olsen et al 2018, Harpreet et al 2019.…”

Section: Brucellosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

2023

IJAB

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Zoonotic respiratory illnesses have played a significant role in shaping human history and continue to pose global health challenges by crossing over from animals to humans. This abstract investigates the historical significance of diseases and the current dangers they pose, with a focus on specific examples and their consequences. Throughout history, respiratory pandemics that have caused widespread devastation have been triggered by infectious agents originating from various animal sources. The 1918 Spanish Flu, which originated from an H1N1 influenza A virus with mixed avian and swine origins, serves as a notable illustration of the effects of zoonotic respiratory illnesses. Tuberculosis, caused by a bacterial infection, has demonstrated the ability to cross from cattle to humans, showing zoonotic potential with Mycobacterium bovis. New dangers in the current world consist of illnesses such as MERS and Avian Influenza. MERS, which is caused by a type of coronavirus, has been connected to dromedary camels, emphasizing the ongoing danger of animals passing diseases to humans. Constantly looming threats, avian flu variants such as H5N1 and H7N9 originate from wild birds as their natural hosts. The effects of zoonotic respiratory diseases are displayed through the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Bats are thought to be the original source of the virus, and it is likely passed on to other animals before reaching humans. Confronting these difficulties requires a comprehensive and collaborative strategy. The integration of human, animal, and environmental health is essential for effective surveillance and mitigation strategies, known as the One Health approach. Effective collaboration on a global scale, sharing of data, and comprehending the factors involved in the transmission of zoonotic diseases are essential for preventing and managing these illnesses. In light of continued challenges with respiratory diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, it is essential to take a proactive and multidisciplinary approach to safeguard human health from these changing dangers.

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Section: Brucellosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

2023

IJAB

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“…This disease is prevalent worldwide, mainly occurring in Central Asia and the Middle East; it is also widespread in South Asian countries such as India, China, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, with sero-positive cases of human brucellosis mostly in agro-farmers, veterinary professionals, slaughter houses, and dairy workers (Guan et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2020). The four main species of Brucella (Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella canis, and Brucella suis) are well-known for their sustained endemicity, wide distribution, and prolonged systemic cases of Brucellosis in both domestic and wild hosts (Olsen and Tatum, 2016;Olsen et al, 2018;Yagupsky et al, 2019). On infection with brucellosis, livestock suffer from reduced milk production followed by frequent abortions, still births, retained placental lesions, vesiculitis, orchitis, epididymitis, and life-time sterility (El-Sayed and Awad, 2018;Khan et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A rapid direct-differential agglutination assay for Brucella detection using antibodies conjugated with functionalized gold nanoparticles

Hans

Yadav

Zaman

et al. 2023

Front. Nanotechnol.

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Brucellosis is the most widespread and serious zoonotic disease worldwide which affects livestock, sylvatic wildlife, marine dwellers, and humans. It is acquired through Alphaproteobacteria which belong to the genus Brucella and is categorized as a potential bio-threat agent. In this study, we developed a rapid and direct differential whole cell (WC) agglutination-based assay for its on-field detection. The recombinant outer membrane (rOmp28) protein-derived specific mice IgG polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) of Brucella were purified using affinity chromatography and conjugated with functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for rapid agglutination. A positive blot of 32 kDa protein revealed specific immuno-reactivity of rOmp28-pAbs using immunoblot analysis. For the synthesis of AuNPs, the conventional “Turkevich method” was optimized at a concentration < 1 mM of gold precursor for obtaining 50-nm-sized particles. Also, their physico-chemical characteristics were analyzed using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ζ, ZP), and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, these AuNPs were functionalized with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to prepare modified carboxylated AuNPs. For bioconjugation with Brucella rOmp28 IgG pAbs, antibody-conjugated functionalized AuNP constructs were prepared and characterized using FT-IR analysis with strong N–H deformations. Subsequently, these bioconjugated AuNPs were used to develop a direct-differential slide agglutination assay with a detection limit of 104 CFU mL−1. The sensitivity of this assay was compared with standard double-antibody sandwich ELISA (S-ELISA) using rOmp28 IgG pAbs with an LOD of 103 CFU mL−1 and a detection range of 102–108 CFU mL−1. No intraspecies cross-reactivity was observed based on evaluation of its specificity with a battery of closely related bacterial species. In conclusion, the increased sensitivity and specificity of the developed agglutination assay obtained using bioconjugated functionalized AuNPs is ≥ 98% for the detection of Brucella. Therefore, it can be used as an alternate rapid method of direct WC detection of bacteria as it is simple, robust, and cost-effective, with minimal time of reaction in the case of early disease diagnosis.

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“…Brucellosis infection is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which is a facultative, intracellular, non-motile, non-sporulating, fastidious Gram-negative coccobacillus of small size (0.6-0.8 µm) harbouring 3.2 Mb of genome with two chromosomes [10]. Brucella is classified under the α−2 sub-division of the phylum Proteobacteria and has evolved in parallel with species of Agrobacterium, Ochrobactrum, Rhizobium and Rickettsia [11,12]. The genus Brucella consists of 12 different species, with B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis and B. canis being mainly responsible for human infection [13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunoassay-based evaluation of rOmp28 protein as a candidate for the identification of Brucella species

Hans

Thavaselvam

2023

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Introduction. Brucellosis is an important bacterial zoonosis, re-emerging as a serious public health concern in developing countries. Two major species, Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus , cause recurrent facile infection in human. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis for early disease control and prevention is needed in areas with low disease burden. Hypothesis. This study evaluated the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (S-ELISA) immunoassay for potential use of whole-cell (WC) and recombinant outer-membrane protein (rOmp28)-derived IgG polyclonals in sensitive detection of Brucella . Aim. Immunoassay-based WC detection of Brucella species in important sub-clinical matrices at lower limits of detection. Methodology. We purified recombinant rOmp28 with Ni–NTA gel affinity chromatography and produced IgG polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) using BALB/c mice and New Zealand white female rabbits against different antigens (Ags) of Brucella . Checkerboard sandwich ELISA and P/N ratio (optical density of ‘P’ positive test sample to ‘N’ negative control) were used for evaluation and optimization of the study. The pAbs were characterized using Western blot analysis and different matrices were spiked with WC Ag of Brucella . Results. Double-antibody S-ELISA was developed using WC Ag-derived rabbit IgG (capture antibody at 10 µg ml−1) and rOmp28-derived mice IgG (detection antibody at 100 µg ml−1) with a detection range of 102 to 108 cells ml−1 and a limit of detection at 102 cells ml−1. A P/N ratio of 1.1 was obtained with WC pAbs as compared to 0.6 and 0.9 ratios with rOmp28-derived pAbs for detecting B. melitensis 16M and B. abortus S99, respectively. An increased P/N ratio of 4.4 was obtained with WC Ag-derived rabbit IgG as compared to 4.2>4.1>2.4 ratios obtained with rabbit IgGs derived against cell envelope (CE), rOmp28 and sonicated antigen (SA) of Brucella with high affinity for rOmp28 Ag analysed on immunoblots. The rOmp28-derived mice IgG revealed two Brucella species at P/N ratios of 11.8 and 6.3, respectively. Upon validation, S-ELISA detected Brucella WCs in human whole blood and sera samples with no cross-reactivity to other related bacteria. Conclusion. The developed S-ELISA is specific and sensitive in early detection of Brucella from different matrices of clinical and non-clinical disease presentation.

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Biosafety Concerns Related toBrucellaand Its Potential Use as a Bioweapon

Cited by 7 publications

References 112 publications

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

Zoonotic Respiratory Diseases: Historic Impact and Emerging Threats

A rapid direct-differential agglutination assay for Brucella detection using antibodies conjugated with functionalized gold nanoparticles

Immunoassay-based evaluation of rOmp28 protein as a candidate for the identification of Brucella species

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